1. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Matter wave lithography of C60 molecules

2. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Quantum or classical? [1] Arndt et al., Nature 401, 6754, p.680 (1999). [2]Hackermuller et al. PRL 91, 9, 090408 (2003) Measuring molecular polarizibilities: [3]Berninger et al., Phys. Rev. A 76, 013607 (2007) Tests on decoherence: [4]Hornberger et al., PRL 90, 16, 160401 (2003) [5]Hackermüller et al., Nature 427, 6976, p.711 (2004) C 60, 720 amu, [1] C 44 H 30 N 4, 614amu, [2] C 62 H 36 F 93 NOSi 2, 2634 amu

3. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Tools for molecular interferometry experiments Molecular beam source Velocity selector Interferometer Detection scheme: –Quadrupole mass spectrometer –Surface based detection scheme

4. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Talbot-Lau Interferometry d 1 = d 2 = 257nm L 1 = L 2 = d²/λ = 12,5mm λ = 5,5pm G1 G2 G3 integraldetector oven Countrate on the detector after the 3. grating Interference pattern L1L1 L2L2

5. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Surface Detection and Nanopatterns

6. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann The detection surface: Si(111) 7x7 Large-scale atomically flat surfaces obtainable 19 dangling bonds per unit cell ( Takayanagi et al., J. VAC. SCI. TECHNOL. A 3, 3, p.1502 (1985) ) Used for the calibration of the STM

7. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann STM: C60 on Si(111) 7x7 Molecules immobilized at room temperature (Chen et al., Phys. Rev. B 49, 11, 7612 (1994).) UHV conditions

8. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Surface Detection and Nanopatterns Particle and wave nature in a single image High detection efficiency Scalable to larger objects (1.5µm)²

9. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Conclusion and Outlook New surface based detection scheme for molecular interferometry: Sensitivity & Scalability! New method for noncontact lithography of molecules: –Each molecule is a functional element –Unbalanced interferometer => pattern has a smaller period than the mask C 174 H 24 F 18 O 24, 5916amu, synthesized by Prof. Mayor, Basel

10. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann The „Quantum lithography crew“ Markus ArndtHendrik UlbrichtAndras MajorSarayut Deachapunya Stefan TruppePhilipp GeyerThomas Juffmann

11. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Magnifying or demagnifying interferometers d 3 /d 1 = 1/(r-s*d 2 /d 1 ); r > s > 0 L 1 /L 2 = r*d 1 /(s*d 2 )-1 Magnification only for different grating periods Demagnification results in decreased visibility http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.3006v1

12. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann The molecular beam source

13. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Gravitational velocity selection y(t)=-g*t²/2+v y0 *t+y 0 v z >>v y => t=z/v z Longer scanning times More information UHV compatible

14. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann The helical velocity selector High transmission for narrow velocity selection Good visibility all over the sample Hard to apply in UHV environment Short lifetime => rotating discs?

15. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Detection of Interferograms Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM): –High resolution –Post-processing –UHV system and atomically flat surfaces required Fluorescence microscopy: –Easy to apply –Very selective –Evaluation in one picture –In Situ and in real time?

16. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann STM: Tip preparation Tips made of tungsten Electrochemically etched in a 5% KOH solution Drop off => Etching stops suddenly Heated to remove oxide layer Atomic resolution is reliably obtained

17. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Fluorescence microscopy: In situ and in real time? Sensitivity? single molecules Immobilization? Variety of Fluorophores and Surfaces Diffraction Limit? Magnifying interferometer Increased position accuracy by analyzing the point spread function (1.5nm!, Yildiz et al., Science, 300 (2003), 2061.)

18. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann FIONA (fluorescence imaging with one nanometer accuracy) Position accuracy dependent on SNR; down to 1nm! Only a few molecules within diffraction limited region (=> bleaching, PALM, STORM….) Yildiz et al., Science, 300 (2003), 2061. Kural et al., J.Phys.: Condens. Matter, 17 (2005), 3979.

19. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Best visibility so far: 16% at 2160 amu Quantum „dogs“ and „elephants“ C 62 H 36 F 93 NOSi 2 (2634 amu), comparable in mass to insulin A 2 views of the same molecule @ 600 K

20. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann The velocity selection Visibility is velocity dependent! g = 254nm => van der Waals interaction For high visibility: small openings => low transmission, narrow peak

21. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Advantages of gas phase deposition 16.05.2007Breakfast Talk - Thomas Juffmann Add a deflector: - Electric beam writing - Sort the molecules by their polarizabilities No masks directly on the surface No pollution from solution Molecular holograms

22. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann STED (stimulated emission depletion microscopy) Detected light stems from a small region of interest Westphal et al., Phys.Rev.Lett., 94 (2005), p.143903. Hell et al., Applied Physics B, 60 (1995), 495. Hell, Science 316 (2007), 1153..

23. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann TIRFM (total internal reflection microscopy) Evanescent wave excites only molecules that are very close to the surface No excitation light reaches objective 10^(-6) Monolayers of TPP visible Moerner et al., Rev.Sci.Instr., 74 (2003),8.

24. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann Fluoreszenz in situ and in real time? Detection of single molecules: –Confocal microscopy –TIRFM Resolution limited due to diffraction: –Magnifying interferometer –Increase Position Accuracy (1.5nm!, Yildiz et al., Science, 300 (2003), 2061.)

25. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann16.05.2007Breakfast Talk - Thomas Juffmann Molecular switches Fluorated azobenzene: - vaporizable - good visibility > 80% - mass: 1034 a.u. Change in shape, size and properties - Switchable on surfaces? - Thermal relaxation? cistrans

26. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann16.05.2007Breakfast Talk - Thomas Juffmann Molecules as single photon sources? Review: W E Moerner, New J. Phys. 6 (2004) 88 Best Result: Lounis et al. 2000 Nature 407, 491 Terrylene, quantum yield ~1 P-terphenyl Confocal fluorescence image (10x10 um²) Works at room temperature! Successful anti-bunching: cw-Laser pulsed Laser => single photon on demand Excitation lifetime : t = 4 ns p(1) ~ 0.85; p(2) < 8*10 -4

27. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann16.05.2007Breakfast Talk - Thomas Juffmann Optical properties of C60 towers C60 on oxidized silicon Electronic properties? Nanostructured template for the binding of larger molecules?

28. 23.06.2009ICSSUR 2009 - Thomas Juffmann16.05.2007Breakfast Talk - Thomas Juffmann How do the molecules get there? Source/ –laser ablation –thermal beams Lithography: –Molecular interferometry –Contact printing