1. A b o u t t h e Subjects Before Reading (2-3 min) Brainstorm (think & reflect) on what you know about the following: American Civil War Abraham Lincoln Frederick Douglass Historical Heroes TPCASTT Poetry Analysis

2. Historical Heroes TPCASTT Poetry Analysis A b o u t t h e A u t h o r s Walt Whitman (1819–1892) is now considered one of America’s greatest poets, but his untraditional poetry was not well received during his lifetime. As a young man, he worked as a printer and a journalist while writing free-verse poetry. His collection of poems, Leaves of Grass, first came out in 1855, and he revised and added to it several times over the years. Robert Hayden (1913 –1980) grew up in a poor neighborhood of Detroit, won a scholarship to college, and became a politically active writer. One of his interests was African American history, which he explores in some of his poetry. “Oh Captain, My Captain” by Walt Whitman “Fredrick Douglass” by Robert Hayden

3. Word Connections: Allegory Allegory has the Greek roots -allo- or -all-, meaning “other” and -gor- from the words marketplace and speaking publicly. The essential meaning of allegory is speaking “otherwise” or “figuratively.”

4. Historical Heroes TPCASTT Poetry Analysis “O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman The poem “O Captain! My Captain!” is an example of an allegory. Allegory is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative have meanings outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas such as charity, greed, or envy. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Whitman wrote this poem as a memorial for Abraham Lincoln after his death.

5. “ O Captain! My Captain!” by Walt Whitman http://youtu.be/HSAymj4hp7Y http://youtu.be/HSAymj4hp7Y O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done; The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won; The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring: But O heart! heart! heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells; Rise up—for you the flag is flung— or you the bugle trills; For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding, For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning; Here Captain! dear father! This arm beneath your head; It is some dream that on the deck, You’ve fallen cold and dead. My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still; My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will; The ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage closed and done; From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won: Exult O shores, and ring O bells! But I with mournful tread, Walk the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead. 1.As you read the poem, note in the text all words having to do with a ship or voyage. Also note the word Captain and its synonyms in the poem. 2.Who is Whitman referring to as the “Captain” of the ship? 3.What do you think the ship is representative of?

6. “ “Fredrick Douglass” by Robert Hayden When it is finally ours, this freedom, this liberty, this beautiful and terrible thing, needful to man as air, usable as earth; when it belongs at last to all, when it is truly instinct, brain matter, diastole, systole, 1 reflex action; when it is finally won; when it is more than the gaudy mumbo jumbo of politicians: this man, this Douglass, this former slave, this Negro beaten to his knees, exiled, visioning a world where none is lonely, none hunted, alien, this man, superb in love and logic, this man shall be remembered. Oh, not with statues’ rhetoric, not with legends and poems and wreaths of bronze alone, but with the lives grown out of his life, the lives fleshing his dream of the beautiful, needful thing. _______________________________________________________________________________ 1 diastole, systole: the normal, rhythmic opening and closing of the heart. “Frederick Douglass” As you read this poem, note in the text the words it and thing every time they are used in the poem. 1) What do the words it and thing refer to in the poem? http://youtu.be/XeD9XYeIRoI

7. After Reading 1 st listening, 2 nd reading, 3 rd TPCASTT-ing 1) In small groups, use the TP-CASTT strategy to analyze and discuss both poems. 2) Write your analysis on a separate paper. “Oh Captain, My Captain” by Walt Whitman “Fredrick Douglass” by Robert Hayden

8. After Reading Writing Prompt Using your TP-CASTT notes, write a literary analysis paragraph in which you address the following questions. Use textual evidence to support your analysis. What traits do Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass exhibit to be considered heroes? How does the tone of either poem support the perception of Lincoln or Douglass as a hero? “Oh Captain, My Captain” by Walt Whitman “Fredrick Douglass” by Robert Hayden