1. Routing in Optical Networks Markus Isomäki IP and MPLS in Optical Domain

2. Agenda Trends in IP over optical networking –Traditional and new models Optical network terminology and evolution –Future expectations IP routing in optical domain –Different models –Requirements & possible solution frameworks MPLS in optical domain - MPLambdaS Proposed enhancements for routing and signaling –OSPF/IS-IS and RSVP/CR-LDP

3. Standardization Organizations and Industry Foras Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) –MPLS Working Group –IP over Optical Working Group starting ITU-T SG 13 –Optical Transport Network architecture and requirements ODSI –Allow IP routers to make dynamic bandwidth requests to the optical network –Started in January 2000 Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF)

4. Traditional Model - IP over ATM over SDH IP routers connected to each other via ATM switches which are connected to each other over SDH Known problems –Different management (fault, configuration, …) at each layer adds complexity –Each layer has independent routing = Overlay Different physical & logical topology –Redundant functionality at each layer Multiplexing, QoS (mapping mismatch), protection… => ATM will not survive in the backbone

5. Current Model - IP over SDH

6. IP over SDH Pros & Cons Advantages compared to IP over ATM over SDH –Easier management –No “cell tax” –IP QoS mapping straightforward Major drawbacks –Protection switching consumes half of the capacity –Cumbersome provision of connections - no dynamics –Still two layers of management –Circuit switched!!! –May stop at 9.9 Gbps (STM-64 / OC-192) => More flexible & dynamic methods needed –IP Optimization wanted!!!

7. Other Existing Models Gigabit Ethernet in Metro networks (10GE in 2001?) –Simple & cheap –No standard protection technology –Reach may cause problems Cisco Systems’ Dynamic Packet Transfer (DPT) –Dual ring like FDDI –Spatial reuse of capacity –No unused protection capacity –Good for multicast –Proprietary

8. Toward IP over Optical Networking But how to do routing, path setup, QoS, traffic engineering, protection & restoration etc. => Basic IP has not enough intelligence! The common view is this

9. Optical Network Evolution & Terminology Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) –Multiple colors in a single fiber, each color carries SDH, Gigabit Ethernet etc. –Density grows every year Optical Cross-Connects (OXC) –A box that switches a wavelength from an incoming fiber to an outgoing fiber –Wavelength continuity or conversion –All-optical (transparent) or electro-optical (opaque) –Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA)

10. IP over Optical Vision Composite Link 4 λ Composite Link 3 λ Optical Switches IP Router Routers connected to each other over OXC core using WDM wavelenghts

11. Router Interconnection Requirements The routers have to be able to dynamically (on- demand) make connections to each other –Fast provision!!! –Connection capacity Protection and restoration needed –Ask for a protected connection (1+1, 1:1, M:N) Traffic engineering –Constraint-based and explicit routing => Use IP routing in the optical domain?!!!

12. Routing Models Overlay –Independent routing on different layers –Router is client to optical network (some kind of UNI), optical switch computes the path (IP router does not “see” the topology of the optical network) –Similar to Classical IP over ATM or MPOA –Good when optical network owned by different organization than the router network Integrated / Peer –Single routing instance run over both networks –Router is able to compute the path Augmented –Separate routing instances, some information leaked

13. MultiProtocol Lambda Switching IDEA: Use MPLS control plane machinery to implement traffic engineering, restoration etc. in OXCs (also SDH equipment) - Wavelength ~ Label MPLS Control Plane Control Adaptation OXC Switch Controller OXC Switch Fabric OXC Data Plane

14. MPLambdaS Benefits & Specialities Real-time provisioning of connections Distributed IP routing control No need for new control protocols Optical domain (Like nested LSPs) OXCs unable to terminate LSPs

15. MPLambdaS & OXC Requirements OXCs should be able exchange control information –Control plane topology may be different from data plane (in- band or out-of-band control); (Similar to SS7) Automatic neighbor discovery and registration –Neighboring nodes should know which fiber ports are connected to each other Robustness –A transient fault at the control plane should not affect the existing connections (soft state unacceptable?) –Fast restoration (fault handling)

16. Enhancements for Routing Protocols OSPF and IS-IS New link attributes (TLVs) –Link type Packet switch capable TDM capable Lambda switch capable Fiber switch capable Forwarding adjacency –Link media type SDH, Gigabit Ethernet etc. Termination capability –Shared Risk Link Group information For example, if two fibers are in the same conduit they are in the same SRLG => Cannot be used for each other’s protection Also information on physical properties BER Wavelength conversion

17. Enhancements for Signaling Protocols RSVP and CR-LDP Label objects should contain information on –Fiber –Lambda –Channel Convey information on requested media type Capability to request protected connections! For RSVP reservation confirmation should be used At least two proposals submitted

18. Conclusions Future networks based on IP routers connected to each other via Optical Cross-connects IP routing and MPLS good candidates for controlling OXCs - IP optimization & synergy Enhancements needed for routing & signaling protocols => Will happen because major support: Cisco, Nortel,... Other solutions possible –Use of GSMP –Use of traffic driven connection setup