1. EOCT REVIEW
Animals

3. PORIFERA Asymmetrical
Filter Feeder (collar cells, choanocytes, capture food with flagella)
Amoebocytes are cells that digest and circulate nutrients
Spicules made of CaCO3 or SiO2 give support
Wastes diffuse through the cell membrane

4. Coral - polyp form
Jellyfish - medusa form
Hydra - polyp form
Sea Anemone - polyp form

5. Cnidaria Radial symmetry
Tentacles have cnidocytes that sting and paralyze prey. Shove food into mouth of gastrovascular cavity
Both asexual and sexual
Digest and circulate food in gastrovascular cavity.
Undigested food exits the mouth
Nerve net detects environment
Cellular waste diffuses through the cell membrane

6. Planarian Tapeworm Flatworms Bilateral symmetry
Muscular pharynx pumps food into gastrovascular cavity
Hermaphroditic (both male & female) & asexual by fission
Cephalization (concentration of sense organs and nerve tissue at anterior end) Brain and Eyespots
Digest and circulate nutrients in gastrovascular cavity
Parasitic worms have a cuticle which prevents digestion by host.
Flame cells remove metabolic wastes and excess water
Planarian
Tapeworm

7. Roundworms Bilateral symmetry
Most are free-living and eat small animals, or algae, or bacteria.
Parasitic roundworms include trichinosis-causing worms, filarial, worms, ascarid worms, and hookworms.
Cephalization, ganglia, sense organs that detect chemicals.
First to have a complete digestive tract with mouth and an anus
Depend on diffusion to carry nutients and wastes through their bodies.
Hydrostatic skeleton (pseudocoelom)
Reproduce sexually (have separate sexes). Internal fertilization

8. Mollusks
The body plan of most mollusks has four parts: foot, mantle, shell, and visceral mass. Bilateral symmetry.
Can be herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritivores, or parasites.
Reproduce sexually by either internal or external fertilization. Some are hermaphroditic
Clams have simple nervous systems. Can sense light and chemicals. Octopi and relatives have the most highly developed system of all invertebrates, intelligent predators.
Complete digestive system

9. Mollusks Circulation
Open circulatory system - blood is pumped by a simple heart into vessels which empty into sinuses, into gills, back into the heart. Works well for slow moving animals like clams and snails
Faster moving mollusks (Octopi and relatives) have a closed circulatory system - blood remains in vessels. Transports blood faster.

10. Mollusk Support & Excretion
Mantle covers most of the body and secretes shell. Shell is made of calcium carbonate.
Bivalves have two shells
Univalves have one shell
Metabolic waste is in the form of ammonia.
Nephridia remove ammonia from the blood and release it outside the body.

11. Annelids Bilateral symmetry Pharynx, filter feeders, or parasites.
Most reproduce sexually, separate sexes or hermaphroditic. Earthworm clitellum secretes a mucus ring into which eggs and sperm are released.
Most have well developed nervous system. Sense organs are best developed in the free-living marine worms (sensory tentacles, chemical receptors, statocysts, and 2 or more pairs of eyes)
Gizzard grinds food which is chemically digested in the intestine.
Closed circulatory system
Hydrostatic skeleton
Nephridia
Annelids

12. Millipede
Centipede
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Horshoe Crab

13. Arthropods
Arthropods have a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. Bilateral Symmetry
Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Bloodsuckers, filter feeders, detritivores, & parasites.
Terrestrial arthropods have internal fertilization. Aquatic arthropods have internal or external fertilization.
Well devloped nervous system. Brain and ventral nerve cord. Well developed sense organs such as eyes and taste receptors.
Insects

14. Arthropods Systems Complete digestive tract.
Open circulatory system - blood does not carry oxygen
Tracheal tubes carry oxygen. Air enters and leaves through spiracles.
Spiders have book lungs. Horshoe crabs have book gills
Aquatic arthropods have gills
Exoskeleton made of chitin
Malpighian tubules are saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood and then add them to feces that move through the gut.
Aquatic arthropods wastes diffuse from cells into water.

15. Echinoderms Radial symmetry. Use tube feet to capture prey
Separate sexes. External Fertilization
Most have a nerve ring and radial nerves with sensory cells that detect light, gravity, and chemicals. Poorly developed.
Starfish pushes stomach out through its mouth, pours out enzymes, and starts digestion outside.
Circulation and respiration through the water vascular system
Endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
Solid waste out the anus. Cellular wastes, ammonia, through tube feet and skin gills

18. Chordates
A chordate is an animal that has, for at least some stage of its life, a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a notochord; pharyngeal pouches; and a tail that extends beyond the anus.
Two groups of nonvertebrate chordates are tunicates and lancelets.
Tunicates are filter feeders. Adult tunicates lack a tail and notochord
Lancelets are filter feeders
Eggs of nonvertebrate chordates are fertilized externally.
Have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain
Simple closed circulatory system
Notochord (rod of cartilage) for support
Excretion through gills
Tunicates
Lancelets

19. Baleen whales, flamingoes, and manta rays are filter feeders
Canines have sharp canines and incisors with short digestive tracts
Herbivores have long digestive tracts with colonies of bacteria that help digest cellulose. Large molar teeth for grinding food.
Some are omnivores
Vertebrates

21. Reproduction Fish and amphibians have exernal fertilization
Reptiles, birds and mammals are fertilized internally
Oviparous (most fishes, amphibians and all birds) eggs develop outside the mother’s body
Ovoviviparous (some fishesand reptiles) eggs develop within the mother’s body and the embryos receive nutrients from the yolk in the egg. They are born alive.
Viviparous (most mammals) obtain nutrients directly from the mother’s body. Young born alive

22. Detect Environment High degree of cephalization
Head contains a well-developed brain attached to a spinal cord.
The brain is divided into several parts, including the cerebrum (learning, memory, and conscious thought) , cerebellum(coordinates movement and controls balance), medulla oblongata (controls functioning of internal organs), optic lobes (vision) and olfactory bulbs in(sense of smell)

24. Digest & Circulate Nutrients
The digestive systems of vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits.
Fishes have a single-loop circulatory sytem with a two chambered heart.
Vertebrates that use lungs for respiration have a double-loop circulatory system. The first loop carries blood between the heart and lungs. The second between the heart and the body.
Amphibians and most reptiles have a three chambered heart.
Birds and mammals have a four chambered heart.

26. Support & Protect Excrete Waste
Sharks have a skeleton made of cartilage.
Most vertebrates have a skeleton made of bone.
Excretion is carried out mostly by the kidneys
Aquatic amphibians and most fishes excrete ammonia directly from the gills into water in addition to excreting through the kidneys.
In mammals, land amphibians and cartilaginous fishes ammonia is changed into urea.
In most reptiles and birds, ammonia is changed into uric acid.