1. Unity and Diversity of Living Things
Survey of Taxonomy and the Three Domains of Life

2. SYSTEMATICS
Systematics - science of naming and grouping organisms by their evolutionary relationships
Binomial Nomenclature - assigning scientific names
Each species is assigned a two-part scientific name, usually in Latin, written in italics or underlined. First word (genus name) is capitalized, the second word (species name) is not.
EX/ polar bear = Ursus maritimus
Red maple = Acer rubrum
Human = Homo sapiens

3. LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
Domain (most inclusive)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (least inclusive)

4. DOMAINS OF LIFE 3 Domains of Life Archaea (prokaryotic)
Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Eukarya (eukaryotic)

5. DOMAIN BACTERIA Prokaryotic Unicellular
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Ecologically diverse ranging from free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites.
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic), some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic)
Only one kingdom within this domain: Kingdom Eubacteira

6. DOMAIN ARCHAEA Prokaryotic Unicellular
Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan
Live in very harsh environments
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic), some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic)
Only one kingdom within this domain: Kingdom Archaebacteira

7. IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES
1) Ecological Importance: Essential in maintaining every aspect of the ecological balance of the living world
Decomposers – recycling raw materials to the environment, essential to sewage treatment & production of purified water
Producers – cyanobacteria are among the most plentiful photosynthetic organisms in the world & many food chains are dependent upon them
Nitrogen Fixers – converting nitrogen gas into useable forms
2) Human Uses
Food – yogurt, other dairy products
Medicine – making drugs for medical treatments
3) Disease – some bacteria can cause disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis
EX’s/ Lyme disease, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Strep Throat
Controlled by sterilization, disinfectants
Prevented by vaccines

8. DOMAIN EUKARYA
All Eukaryotes: contain a nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles
Four Kingdoms
Protista (protists)
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

9. PROTISTS Unicellular, Colonial, or Multicellular
Photosynthetic or Heterotrophic
Catchall kingdom – group of eukaryotes that did not fit into plants, animal or fungus kingdom

10. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS
Autotrophic Protists – photosynthetic protists at the base of the food chain makes much of the diversity of aquatic life possible
EX/ Algae
Heterotrophic Protists – some heterotrophic protists engulf and digest their food, while others live by absorbing molecules from the environment.
EX/ Paramecium, amoeba
Symbiotic Protists
Mutualistic – algae help health of coral reefs, Trichonympha live in guts of termites, helping them to digest cellulose
Parasitic – can cause intestinal disease, African Sleeping Sickness, & Malaria
Red blood cell

11. FUNGI Heterotrophic – feed on dead or decaying organic matter
Secrete digestive enzymes into their food source, then absorb nutrients though their cell walls
Cell walls made of chitin
Unicellular (yeasts) or Multicellular (mushrooms)

12. ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
Decomposers – many species of fungi help ecosystems maintain homeostasis by breaking down dead organisms and recycling essential elements and nutrients.
Parasites – parasitic fungi can cause serious diseases in plants and animals
EX/smuts and rusts in plants
Athlete’s foot & ringworm
Symbiotic Fungi:
Lichens – mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria). Are often the first organisms to enter barren environments and help in early stages of soil formation.
Michorrhizae – mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root. Estimates that 80-90% of all plant species have this sort of relationship. Fungus collects water and minerals, bringing them to the root, plant supplies the fungi with the products of photosynthesis (sugars).

13. PLANTS Multicellular Cell walls with cellulose Autotrophic
Have chloroplasts

14. ANIMALS
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell walls
Most can move