1. By Hilary Dreyer The Pull-Hair-Out-of-My-Head- it-is-So-Complicated Way to Quote How to Introduce and Warrant Quotes

2. Introducing a Quote Colons Comas Neutral Verbs Stronger Verbs Inference Verbs

3. Colons If you use a complete sentence to introduce the quote, use a COLON Ex: Robert Ross, in Timothy Findley's The Wars, is often unsure of how to interpret his wounded companion's words: "Harris said the strangest things--lying on his pillows staring at the ceiling.” DO NOT USE A SEMI-COLON

4. Commas If you use a sentence fragment to introduce the quote, use a COMMA Ex: For Robert, "Harris said the strangest things--lying on his pillows staring at the ceiling.”

5. Neutral Verbs If you use a neutral verb to introduce the quote, it basically means “ says ” Ex: As the author notes, “In an ideal classroom, both gifted children and learning disabled children should feel challenged.” USE WITH OR WITHOUT PUNCTUATION DEPENDING ON CONTEXT

6. Stronger Verbs If you use a stronger verb to introduce the quote, it shows that there is an argument and the quote either supports or disagrees with it Ex: The author argues that “subjecting non-smokers to toxic second-hand smoke is not only unfair, but a violation of their right to a safe environment.” USE WITH OR WITHOUT PUNCTUATION DEPENDING ON CONTEXT

7. Inference Verbs If you use a inference verb to introduce the quote, it is used to analyze the quote Ex: By calling them ignorant, the author implies that “they were unschooled and narrow minded.” USE WITH OR WITHOUT PUNCTUATION DEPENDING ON CONTEXT

8. Warranting a Quote Why is it there? What does it mean? What is the significance? Warranting a quote explains why the quote was used

9. Why Warrant If you don’t warrant the quote, the reader will be confused as to: Why it is there What it means What its significance is If you do warrant the quote, the reader will not be confused and will understand WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO SAY

10. Why is it there? If you warrant the quote, the reader will understand WHY IT IS THERE Ex: (After the quote) With that message of hope and confidence, the new president set the stage for his next one-hundred days in office and helped restore the faith of the American people in their government. The above quote was taken from http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/quotations.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/quotations.html

11. What does it mean? If you warrant the quote, the reader will understand WHAT THE QUOTE MEANS Ex: (After the quote) The rock shows that there was a connection between the wife and the old man.

12. What is the significance? If you warrant the quote, the reader will understand WHAT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE QUOTE IS Ex: This would show both why this particular quote was used, and the meaning that it holds.