1. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman

2. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Eight: Memory

3. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory Three stage memory

4. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory (cont.) Sensory register: - holds an exact image of each sensory experience until it can be fully processed

5. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory (cont.) Short-term memory: - Lloyd and Margaret Peterson - pay attention - rehearsal - George Miller: - chunking

6. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory (cont.) Long-term memory: -storehouse for information that must be kept for long periods of time

7. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Long-Term Memory and Short- Term Memory -LTM must be indexed according to the kind of information that is most easily stored - way that forgetting occurs: - each stage of memory is handled by a different part of the brain: - STM = cerebral cortex - LTM = hippocampus, then transferred to areas of the cerebral cortex

8. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Types of long-term memory: - procedural - declarative - episodic - semantic

10. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Organization in long-term memory: - associative network - spreading activation model

12. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Three means of retrieval for testing: - recall method - recognition model - relearning model

13. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Retrieval: - serial learning: - serial position effect - “tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon

14. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View (cont.) Levels of processing: an alternative to the stage model - levels of processing model: - matter of degree vs. separate stages - elaboration: - during encoding phase

15. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Forgetting and Why It Occurs Why does forgetting occur? - theories: - decay theory - interference theory: - proactive - retroactive - reconstruction (schema) theory: - false memory - theory of motivated forgetting

16. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. False Memory List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words

17. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. which words on list 2 do you remember? List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school

18. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Did you say that "book" was on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1.

19. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Biological Basis of Memory Synaptic theories of memory: search for the engram - engram: - the “something” that remains after learning - synaptic facilitation: -changes in the functioning of synapses in the brain

20. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Biological Basis of Memory (cont.) Synaptic theories of memory: search for the engram (cont.) - consolidation: -changes grow more permanent over the course of a few minutes or hours - DNA and memory: -experiences do not change DNA but can change how DNA is expressed

21. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Biological Basis of Memory (cont.) Stages of memory and the brain

22. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Biological Basis of Memory (cont.) Amnesia: - disorders of memory - retrograde amnesia: - extends back in time for a period of minutes or days - anterograde amnesia: - inability to store and retrieve new information in LTM - hippocampus damage - Korsakoff’s syndrome: - loss of vitamin thiamine due to alcoholism - confabulation

23. © 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.