1. Study of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Prescribed Burning on Military Facilities Karsten Baumann, Mei Zheng, Michael Chang, and Ted Russell

2. Clean Air Act Endangered Species Act

3. Fire Ecology The endangered Red Cockaded Woodpecker (RCW) resides only in the mature long-leaf pine forests of the SE US. Most of the forests old and large enough to support the RCW are on federal and military lands. Long-leaf pine ecosystems have adapted to natural fire regimes (wildfires in ~3 to 7 year cycles) and now require periodic burning to maintain health. Prescribed burning is a safe and effective alternative to natural fire regimes.

4. To what extent does prescribed burning impact local and regional air quality? VOCs PM NOx O3O3

5. Motivation: Fall-line Air Quality Study

6. Motivation Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) 30 min Average Concentrations during FAQS Phase II (Fall 2001)

7. Motivation Period around the prescribed burning of HC2 on 12/5/2001

8. Motivation Period around the prescribed burning of Q1 on 3/28/2002

9. Motivation Period around the prescribed burning of A9 on 5/21/2001

10. HC2 A9 Q1

11. NH 4 Organic Compounds NO 3 Elemental Carbon Other Elements SO 4 Columbus Oxbow Learning Center Columbus Water Works Average Composition of PM 2.5 Observed During FAQS Phase I (July 2000) 1% 28% 1% 9% 2% 59% 2% 29% 9% 57% Average mass = 22  g/m 3 Average mass = 19  g/m 3 Motivation

12. More Motivation Zheng et al., ES&T 2002 In the continental U.S. prescribed burns and forest fires contribute ~37 % to the total direct fine PM emissions of ~1 Mio t per year * * Nizich et al., EPA Report 454/R-00-002 (NTIS PB2000-108054), RTP, NC, 2000

13. Objectives To quantitatively characterize pollutants emitted from prescribed burning, with emphasis on the detailed chemical composition of fine PM at OLC; To study diversity of sites: - Fort Benning as primary study site, including PM source apportionment and in situ gas phase sampling. - Fort Gordon, Shaw and Eglin AFB as secondary study sites to include in situ gas phase sampling only. To identify conserved markers for biomass burning in ambient air; To determine the contribution of gaseous precursors towards secondary ozone and fine PM formation; To determine how concentrations and chemical compositions differ with conditions of burning (such as open flame versus smoldering), type of biomass burned, moisture in the biomass, and season (summer versus fall).

14. Fort Benning 3’ 4’ a/c 11’ 8’ Stair step 4’14’ Guy wired 8m Tower tilt down 10’ Gate 45’ x 40’ Fence N 10’ x 12’ Shelter 4 additional 20 A circuit breakers 33’ x 7’ level Platform ~ 1’ above ground 4 quadruple outlets on individual breakers Focus on Fort Benning in collaboration with WW & CSU utilizing Columbus OLC site; OLC site upgrade for PM source apportionment and in situ gas phase sampling started; Contacts to site operators and VOC sample takers established, specific training in progress. VOCPOC PCM Gas Met

15. Particle Composition Monitor “PCM” Channel 1: NH 3 Na +, K +, NH 4 +, Ca +2 Channel 2: HF, HCl, HONO, HNO 3, SO 2, HCOOH, CH 3 COOH, (COOH) 2 F -, Cl -, NO 3 -, SO 4 =, HCOO -, CH 3 COO -, C 2 O 4 = Channel 3: EC, OC, WSOC, “SVOC” Additional higher resolution CO, NO, NOy, O 3, PM-mass, and basic meteorology

16. High-Vol Sampling and GC/MS Analyses Quantification of >100 Particle-phase Organic Compounds n-alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanes n-alkanoic acids, n-alkenoic acids alkanedioic acids PAHs, oxy-PAHs retene steranes hopanes resin acids pimaric acid abietic acid sandaracopimaric acid aromatic acids levoglucosan POC

17. Canister Sampling and GC/FID Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds VOC Subcontract with long-term collaborator Prof. Don Blake, UC Irvine, CA 92697 http://fsr10.ps.uci.edu/GROUP/group.html C 2 -C 6 n-alkanes, alkenes, branched alkenes, alkynes isoprene Cyclic compounds monoterpenes (  -  -pinene) Aromatics, organic nitrates, halogenated species methylchloride Quantification of >60 compounds, incl. CO 2 for “fire” samples

18. Linking Chemical Composition of Emissions with Prescribed Burn Conditions… Combustion: open flame versus smoldering Biomass type and moisture Seasonal differences: summer versus fall/winter Site specific differences: background versus plume …Requires close collaboration with individual facilities’ personnel Eglin AFB John Wolfe AQ Program Manager (850) 882-7677 john.wolfe2@eglin.af. mil Shaw AFB Terry Madewell AQ Program Manager (803) 895-9996 Fort Gordon Stephen Willard AQ Program Manager (706) 791-2403 willards@gordon.army.mil Fort Benning Polly Gustafson AQ Program Manager (706) 545-7576 Polly.Gustafson@benni ng.army.mil

19. Criteria, SOP and Documentation of PB Burn map Prioritized list RCW data base GIS digital system FY table & summary Drought conditions (KBDI) Interagency communication GFC Fire Weather Forecast BURN FORM location & size of burn unit phys & biol character assets to protect hazards & risks personnel Ignition Weather observations and T, RH, WS, WD measurements during peak fire (1200-1400 LT) FIRE WEATHER INFO FORM T, RH, WS, WD, BL height fuel moisture, days since rain O 3 forecast, SDI  Delineation of burn area  Smoke Screening Procedure  Post-burn evaluation Photographs Smoke Screening Form Smoke Impact Map Post Burn Monitoring Form Observations from smoldering phase??

20. Sampling Strategy Met & gas-phase parameters are measured continuously at OLC. PM & VOC samples are taken at OLC according to Ft Benning’s PB schedule. Burn boss determines upwind/downwind location and takes 3 VOC samples: Upwind/ Close to burn unit / Downwind [ Note, these samples don’t need to be taken simultaneously! ] A maximum of 3 VOC samples are analyzed for each open flaming and smoldering/glowing stage; i.e. max 6 samples per burn. Assuming that flaming stage ends at sunset when smoldering phase begins, problem is, how to coordinate the VOC can sampling for smoldering phase?? Post-processing of continuous met & gas data, as well as local weather data will determine if OLC site can be considered upwind or downwind from burn unit; if indifferent, then neither VOC nor PM samples will be analyzed. It is expected to capture 6 plume events, 4 in Fall 2002 and 2 in Summer 2003. VOC analyses limited to max 36 VOC can samples.

21. VOC Can Sampling Technical Details GUIDELINES FOR TAKING VOC AIR SAMPLES Remove Yellow/black end cap from port connector. Raise sample canister above and in front of you facing the wind. When the canister is full, open the valve one full turn counter clockwise, then close the valve firmly clockwise. Fill out canister label and sampling record sheet provided. Store boxes in a dry location with arrows up. Please make a copy of the completed sampling record sheet And mail toAir Resources Engineering Center Georgia Institute of Technology School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences 575 14th Street NW, lab 1376 Atlanta, GA 30318 Or fax to(404) 385-0795 Please ship box with cans & documents back to (use pre-printed label that should read) Murray D C McEachern Department of Chemistry B35 Rowland Hall University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA, 92697-2025 Phone (949) 824-4854 Fax (949) 824-2905

22. Deliverables and Products Sep ’02 OLC site modifications, implementations, and preparations completed; Dec ’02 1st progress report describing the sampling in Fall 2002; Mar ’03 2nd progress report with prelim results of Fall sampling chemical analysis; Aug ‘03 3rd progress report with detailed analysis of Fall ‘02 & Summer ‘03 results, including improved site specific prescribed burning emission factors; Oct ‘03 Final Report with Recommendations, –reporting the detailed chemical composition and concentrations from prescribed burns, –comparing plume emissions to the background samples, –assessing the VOC emissions at three sites, and –identifying specific burning practices with resultant air quality impacts. Beyond complement ongoing SERDP, State of GA, and US EPA research projects.

23. For more information: Dr. Karsten Baumann (PI) kb@eas.gatech.edu Dr. Mei Zheng mzheng@eas.gatech.edu Dr. Michael Chang chang@eas.gatech.edu Dr. Ted Russell trussell@ce.gatech.edu