1. Education, Development and Conflict: The Other Face of Education 21 October 2010 IDS Lecture Series Sanne VanderKaaij & Mieke Lopes Cardozo S.VanderKaaij@uva.nlS.VanderKaaij@uva.nl & T.A.LopesCardozo@uva.nlT.A.LopesCardozo@uva.nl

2. 2 Presentation outline Education in a changing global context The rise of interest in Education & Conflict Complex relationships conflict & education Religion, Education & Development Case: Muslim education in India

3. 3 Debates on

4. Education in a changing (inter)national context EDUCATION 9/11 ‘Terrorism’ ‘New intrastate wars’ 17 million ‘failed/fragile states’ refugees/IDPs Poverty and Violence at schools & social exclusion Increased military budgets

5. Education & Conflict: various agenda’s MDG – EFA agenda The Global Politics of Education & Conflict Merging of Security & Development: 3D approach - Post 9/11

6. GMR Background study: Dutch aid to Education & Conflict ‘The Dutch Way’ Relatively large player in terms of funding commitment Biggest single grant ever to UNICEF EEPCT Flexibility in aid mechanisms: multilateral, bilateral and civil society/private sector Fragmentation in state led aid: three departments in MFA (DSO, EFV & DMH/HH) + MoD

7. ‘Seeing the world from the perspective of ‘the other’ is a difficult task: ‘As often have been noted, one persons’ terrorist is another’s freedom fighter’ (Shapiro 2002: 3)

8. ‘TWO FACES OF EDUCATION Bush & Salterelli (2000) Peace → social cohesion & justice Conflict→ Unstable & unequal societies Segregation Social exlusion/ poverty Breakdown of social cohesion Indoctrination Violence Dominant masculinity & militarism Essentialist vs hybrid identities Equal rights & opportunities Tolerance Respect for diversity Resilient schools

9. Religious Schools: Growth of Attention Growth attention for FB schools Main reasons:  1) Terrorist attacks & Communal violence Global: Taliban, 9/11 India: Ayodhya 1992; Mumbai 1993; Delhi 2001; Gujurat 2002; Delhi 2005, Varanasi 2006, Mumbai 2008  2) Role of FBOs in education provision History – missionairies & local groups Present – budget deficiencies

10. Religious Schools: Growth in Numbers? But also growth in reality?  India: No exact numbers Data Definitions  India: New types since 1990s: private faith based schools Combination regular & religious studies Lower, middle, upper class Private schools

11. Explanations for Growth? Supply  Suspicion on motives suppliers Generalisations ; No micro-studies  But: FB schooling not bad for social cohesion per se  What they learn is more important then where they learn it.  Interaction not necasary to build tolerance.  Segregation to avoid discrimination.  Micro-level study shows heterogeneity: Religious aspects of school (moderate, strong, secular) Cost / management of school (philanthropy, business)

12. Explanations for Growth? Demand Different types of motives of parents  1. Din  2. Dunya  3.Context

13. Importance of Micro Level Study in Context of Education & Conflict  Schools = variation = various possible effects on society  “Use” (& not alienate) the “good ones” for devt goals  Tool to uncover what is happening in society

14. The Other Face of Education…. Relation education & development can be problematic  Education situated in the socio-political context of conflict Role education excecerbating or decreasing tensions.  Education in a policy context of conflict: gradual merging of security & development  Education from a micro-perspective: show variations, and inform us one larger societial phenomena and trends