1. Chapter 2 Principles of Biochemistry

2. Both living and nonliving things are made up of atoms. Water, bacteria, humans Atoms – molecules-organelles-cell-tissue- organ-organ system-organism

4. Electron are arranged in shells Shell #1 – maximum of 2e- Shell #2 – maximum of 8e- Shell #3 – maximum of 8e- Do not have maximum #of electrons in their outer most shell Unstable – atoms interact Chemical bonds Formation of molecules

5. Ionic bond – atoms gain or lose electrons NaCl – table salt Ion atom – gained or lost e-

6. Atoms get together and share electrons Electrons orbit around the nuclei of both atoms

7. Hydrogen bonds – water molecules are held together H2O – covalent bonds are formed between atoms. Electrons are not shared equally Electron stays close to the O – lot more protons than H atom O in water – slightly negative H in water – slightly positive

9. Water is a good solvent NaCl goes into solution readily (dissociates, ionizes) Play an important role in chemical reaction that take place in cell. Dehydration synthesis hydrolysis

11. Acids, bases and salts Acids ionize – H + and a negative ion HCl ---------H + + Cl - Bases ionize –OH - (hydroxide ion) and a positive ion. NaOH ------ Na + + OH - Salt – positive ion and a negative ion. Neither of which is a H + ion or OH - NaCl --- Na + +Cl -

14. Carbohydrates C, H, O 2 to 1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen Monosaccharides – simple sugars Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Maine source of energy in cells. Ribose – one of the molecules found in RNA

15. Sucrose – glucose and a unit of fructose Sugarcane

16. Lactose – milk sugar Glucose + galactose Maltose – breakdown product of starch 2 glucose Polysaccharides – many units of simple sugars Cellulose – plant cell wall Glycogen – glucose is stored - in animals Starch – glucose is stored – plant cells Polymers of glucose

17. Lipids C, H, O No 2 to 1 ratio Simple lipids – triglycerides Glycerol and 3 fatty acids Energy storage molecule

19. phospholipid

20. Proteins C, H, O, N, S Building blocks – amino acids 20 different amino acids

24. Hemoglobin – polypeptide chains Specific AA sequence Valine-histidine-leucine-glutamic acid valine Sickle cell anemia Shape of the protein changes RBCs sickle shaped Not flexible – trouble getting through the capillaries Health problems

26. Egg – protein albumin (egg white) Semisolid and transparent Hot frying pan – albumin is solid and white.

27. Nucleic acids – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) Building blocks – nucleotides Pentose, phosphate group, nitrogen base Purines – adenine, guanine Pyrimidines – cytosine, thymine, uracil DNA – double helix Deoxyribose DNA nuceotides – A, G, C, T no U

29. RNA Single stranded Ribose A,G,C,U – no T Messenger RNA – mRNA Ribosomal RNA – rRNA Transfer RNA – tRNA Each plays a different role in protein synthesis