1. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Thermodynamics and Exergy Analysis Delft, 10 September 2015 Gijsbert Korevaar Assistant Professor on Industrial Ecology Faculty Technology, Policy and Management

2. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

3. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

4. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology The unit of Energy Energy quantity is expressed in Joule The energy to lift a small apple for 1 meter is about 1 Joule A traditional light bulb consumes 50 Joules per second (50W) To heat up water for 1 degree takes about 4200 Joules A sandwich peanut butter gives us 400000 Joules A living room with 5 low-energy light bulbs that are on for four hours costs about 580000 Joules

5. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Energy - inEnergy - out Non-desired energy output System - Energy A BCD

6. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Energy Balances IN = OUT (always!) Unit is in Joule (or MegaJoule, or GigaJoule) All energy sources are equal and can be summed up Good way to check the system

7. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Dutch Paper Industry – mass flows

8. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Energy flows in the Dutch Paper Industry

9. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology First law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed:  U = Q - W Thermodynamics

10. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From one kind of energy to another … For example Electricity to Heat Heat to Movement Electricity to Movement Movement to Electricity Electricity to Radiation Radiation to Electricity

11. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

12. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

13. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

14. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Power

15. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Thermodynamics The science of turning heat (thermos) into movement (dynamics)

16. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

17. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology First law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed:  U = Q - W Second law: Every process proceeds in such a direction that the entropy of the total sytem increases. The quality of energy decreases:  S total > 0 Thermodynamics

18. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology And now I jump quite far ahead … I want to talk about Exergy today You need more insight into energy analysis actually, but that comes next week Just remember We can turn energy (ΔU) into power (W) and heat (Q) by mechanical devices In practice such processes are never reversible in practice, because of the entropy (ΔS) increases during the process

19. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy EXERGY is the expression for the ENERGY that produces WORK It is the useful part of an energy transformation

20. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy - inExergy - out Non-desired exergy output System - Exergy A BCD

21. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Earth Heat Balance

22. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Quality of energy High value energy Low value energy

23. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergie – quality of energy 2 Energy 100 kJ 100 kJ Exergy 100 kJ7.28 kJ >> (20 o C room temperature.)

24. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Exergy

25. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Exergy

26. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Exergy For all energy forms, exergy numbers can be found: Electricity: energy and exergy are equal

27. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Exergy For all energy forms, exergy numbers can be found: Electricity: energy and exergy are equal Chemical: to be found in tables

28. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Exergy For all energy forms, exergy numbers can be found: Electricity: energy and exergy are equal Chemicals: to be found in tables Physical (Thermal and Mechanical): the Carnot factor gives the ideal efficiency

29. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology From Energy to Exergy For all energy forms, exergy numbers can be found: Electricity: energy and exergy are equal Chemicals: to be found in tables Physical (Thermal and Mechanical): the Carnot factor gives the ideal efficiency So, for material flows, we mainly use: Ex matter = Ex ph + Ex ch

30. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology T0·ST0·S To reference conditions (25 o C, 1 bar)  S > 0 Heat (P,T) Waste heat (loss) Max. Work (power) Work Waste Heat Energy Exergy Heat Exergy Concept – part 1

31. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy Concept – Part 2

32. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Carnot efficiency

33. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy vs. Energy Central heating system 95% energetical efficiency 15% exergetical efficiency Energetical efficiency: Improvement potential: small Exergetical efficiency: Improvement potential: factor 6-7 Using gas heating systems for LT heating is sub-optimal

34. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Company called Exergy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyEqr3DpgvY

35. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology (Organic) Rankine Cycle (ORC) Gas expander

36. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Back to the paperboard example

37. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

38. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy Analysis for EIA

39. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Energy flows in the Dutch Paper Industry

40. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology

41. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy flows in the Dutch Paper Industry

42. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Exergy losses Dutch Paperboard sector

43. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Effect of Renewable Energy

44. MSc Stdy Programme Industrial Ecology - Gijsbert KorevaarMSc Study Programme Industrial Ecology Conclusion Exergy is a useful concept to express the quality of energy Exergy LCA frameworks contributes to providing a quantitative structure for designing more sustainable industrial systems according to Industrial Ecology concepts