2. Terrain = The physical features of land.

3.  City-State = A city and its surrounding countryside Small but fiercely independent Unique Government Unique Customs

5.  It didn’t last long

6.  Aristocracy = Rule by noble landowners Overthrow King in 750 Archon – chief official Groups demand change Farmers - High Debt ■ Forced to sell their land to nobles ■ Some even sold THEMSELVES or their family into slavery to pay off debts Merchants and soldiers ■ Argue their service to the city state entitles them to more power Foreign artisans are upset that they can’t become citizens ■ They produce many of the goods Athens trades

7.  Reforms Outlaws debt slavery Freed those already in slavery Opened high offices to more citizens Granted citizenship to some foreigners Creates an Athenian coin Writes a law code  Issues remain Citizenship is limited Many positions in government are still only for wealthy landowners

8.  Protected by Athena?  Turns to Average Athenian for support Undermines the aristocracy Lowers taxes Free loans to build up farms  Prosperity More vineyards and olive trees ■ Food, fuel, trade Art expands ■ Pottery ■ Potter very low on social scale ■ We highly value these works of art today – worth millions Tyrant = person who gains power by force

9. Evolution of Athenian Government 1. 750-594 BC Nobles seize power from King - Aristocracy 3. 546-527 BC Pisistratus Tyrant Lowers taxes. Free loans for farms Athens flourishes 4. 527 -510 BC Hippias Tyrant Undoes Pisistratus’s reforms and is mentally unstable 5. 510 BC Cleisthenes Tyrant Banishes Hippias re- instates Pisistratus’s reforms 6. 508 BC Isagarus Tyrant Banishes Cleisthenes using Sparta 7. 508 BC THE PEOPLE REVOLT! Isagarus banished 8. 507 BC Cleisthenes returns Direct Democracy is created in Athens 2. 594 BC Solon Archon reforms laws in Athens to help the average person

10.  Direct Democracy People have direct say Council of 500 ■ Smaller decisions ■ Males over 30 from 10 Tribes Assembly ■ Bigger decisions ■ All males over 30 not in council  Only male citizens have a say  Governed a small area, just one polis  Republican Democracy People elect representatives who make choices for them Congress – make decisions together ■ House of Representatives ■ Senate  All citizens above 18 have a vote Mostly for reps Sometimes for law approval  Governs an enormous area Nation States Cities AthensUS

12. SPARTA BACKGROUND ORGANIZATION = “POLIS” ECONOMICS = SLAVERY & MINIMUM TRADE (Iron currency) GOVERNMENT = MONARCHY, ARISTOCRACY & DEMOCRACY COMBINED!!

13. SPARTA GOVERNMENT DUAL KINGS Led Army and Judiciary SENATE (Aristocrats) Elected through Assembly 60 yrs old minimum Initiated legislation 5 EPHORS Review decisions of the King

14. SPARTA GOVERNMENT cont. ASSEMBLY All males, 30+ Met on days of full moon Passed legislation POLICE Enforce policy Spy and Kill at their discretion

15.  Oligarchy 2 Kings 5 Ephors Council ■ Male citizens over 60 Assembly ■ Spartan males over 30  Direct Democracy Elected officials ■ Generals ■ Magistrates ■ Council of 500 Assembly ■ Male citizens SpartaAthens No official role for women in either society

16. Sparta vs. Athens

17.  Helots = slaves Conquered foes Cruelly treated Did the work that allowed Sparta to be a military society MANY more of them than Spartan Citizens  Food: Spartan Broth = pork, blood, salt and vinegar.  Dislike luxuries and fancy foods.  The men lived most of their lives in military barracks.  Foreigners are barbarians  Polytheistic  Slaves = 25% of population Captured or purchased Laborers or servants  Food: Enjoyed luxuries and foods from all over their empire. Wealthy homes were quite nice with an inner courtyard.  Foreigners are welcomed but seen as barbarians  Polytheistic Sparta Athens

18. 1. Which type of society would you rather live in, Athens or Sparta? Give 3 reasons WHY you chose that society. 2. Do you think the US is more like Sparta or Athens? Give 2 examples that explain WHY we are more like them.