1. The EU and the Evolving Concepts of Security Emil J. Kirchner University of Essex

3. Perception of most important threats (top five) FranceMacroeconomi c instability Migratory pressures EnvironmentNatural disaster/ pandemics Terrorism GermanyTerrorism, critical infrastructure Terrorism, state/society EnvironmentMacroeconomic instability Cyber-attack ItalyTerrorism: State/society Criminalizatio n of economy Migratory pressures Terrorism: critical infrastructure Environment United Kingdom Terrorism: State/society Terrorism: critical infrastructure EnvironmentMacroeconomic instability EUTerrorismEnvironmentTerrorism, critical infra- structure Migratory pressures Natural disasters & pandemics

4. Preferred responses to threats Interaction patternsInstrumental preferences (rank-ordered) France Multilateral, but willing to pursue unilateralism if necessary a) economic/financial assistance b) police cooperation/intelligence sharing c) Special operations d) other Germany Strongly multilateral a) police cooperation/intelligence sharing b) economic/financial assistance c) diplomacy d) other ItalyStrongly multilateral a) police cooperation/intelligence sharing b) economic/financial assistance c) diplomacy d) special operations UKModerate multilateralism a) economic/financial assistance b) diplomacy c) police cooperation/intelligence sharing d) special operations EU Strongly multilateral a) police cooperation/intelligence sharing b) economic/financial assistance c) diplomacy d) special operations

5. EU importance for specific security threats (rank-ordered) Francea) instability b) migratory pressures c) ethnic conflict d) narcotics trafficking GermanyNot reported Italya) macroeconomic instability b) environment c) migratory pressures d) criminalization of economy e) narcotics trafficking United Kingdoma) migratory pressures b) macroeconomic instability c) environment d) narcotics trafficking e) criminalization of economy EUa) macroeconomic instability b) migratory pressures c) environment d) criminalization of economy e) ethnic conflict

6. Distinction between Westphalian (WS) or post- Westphalian (PWS) helps to explain why states exhibit disparate understandings of threat, the agents of threat and the best means for ameliorating them. PWS and WS seek alternative forms of security and practice alternative forms of statecraft (multipolarity versus unipolarity) Difference over the extent to which states are seen as homogenous, or penetrated through interdependence and the role of non-state actors, such as the EU.

7. Is the EU a Post-Westphalian System? Westphalian systemPost-Westphalian system PowerDefined in terms of military and economic capabilities; decisive arbiter of conflicts Unimportant in negotiations b/w individual members of the system; interactions based on prearranged rules independent of power distribution and adheres to democratic governance Sovereign recognition Sovereignty principles uncontested Sovereignty principles abrogated Normative framework Shallow, narrow and contingentBroad, deep and binding –civilianised security community; community of fate WarLegitimate form of conflict resolution; states prepare for war as the final arbiter of conflict; constraint on recourse to war is determined by a state’s utility calculation Illegitimate form of conflict resolution; expectation that states will enter into rule-governed negotiations to resolve conflicts; rejection of force is normative rather than instrumental

8. EU Budgets for Policies of Prevention InstrumentDuration of BudgetTotal EDF2008-201322,682 billion Euro DCI2007-201316,897 billion Euro ENPI2007-201311,181 billion Euro IPA2007-20105,740 billion Euro ECHO2008-20134,881 billion Euro EIDHR2007-20131,104 billion Euro IFS2007-2008126 million Euro

9. Type and Strength of Civilian ESDP Missions TypeNumberCountries involvedTotal Police Missions 7Bosnia, Macedonia Palestinian Territories, Congo, Afghanistan, Kosovo 2,633 Rule of Law Missions 3Georgia, Brussels/Iraq, Kosovo 65 Border Missions 2Moldova/Ukraine Gaza/Egypt 247 Others 3Congo, Dafur, Aceh 217 Total 15 3,162

10. ESDP Military Missions ESDP MissionCountryMission Duration Assigned TaskStaff EUFOR Concordia Macedonia31.3.2003 – 15.12.2003 Peace support 400 ArtemisDR Congo12.6.2003 1.9.2003 Peace support for MONUC 1,800 EUFOR AltheaBosnia2.12.2004 – 1.3.2009 Peace support 2,500 (7,000) EUFOR DR CongoDR Congo30.7.2006 – 30.11. 2006 Peace support for MONUC 2,300 EUFOR CHAD/RCA Chad and RCA 28.1.2008Military operation to improve security in the region 3,400