1. The Europeans 1066-1450 1066 conquered by Duke William of Normandy (France) Impact French language and culture dominant

2. The Europeans 1066-1450 1066 conquered by Duke William of Normandy (France) Impact Feudalism

3. The Europeans 1066-1450 Lord (Landlord) Clergy Barons/Vassals Knights Artisans Peasants (villagers and serfs)

4. The Europeans 1066-1450

12. Black Death, 1348–1350

13. Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production

14. Black Death, 1348–1350 Precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition 1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages The Little Ice Age

15. Black Death, 1348–1350

17. Causes Trade Bubonic plague (“Black Death”) followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, probably via fleas on rats from Black Sea area

18. Map 9–1 SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH Apparently introduced by seaborne rats from Black Sea areas where plague-infested rodents had long been known, the Black Death brought huge human, social, and economic consequences. One of the lower estimates of Europeans dying is 25 million. The map charts the plague’s spread in the mid- fourteenth century. Generally following trade routes, the plague reached Scandinavia by 1350, and some believe it then went on to Iceland and even Greenland. Areas off the main trade routes were largely spared. Black Death, 1348–1350

19. popular remedies: relevant medical knowledge absent promiscuity & abandon flight & seclusion temperance & moderation self-flagellation Medicine aromatic amulets

20. Black Death, 1348–1350 Causes Jews Scapegoats Blamed for poisoning wells and spreading the plague Financial gain also an important motive in killing Jews

21. Black Death (cont.)

22. Economic consequences: dramatic labor shortage, climbing wages for laborers & artisans falling agricultural, climbing luxury prices— noble landowners hardest hit attempts to freeze wages & force peasants to stay on land  peasant revolts

23. Black Death (cont.) Political/social consequences: Revolts in the cities artisan guilds win some political power kings take advantage of weakened nobility & church

24. Reaction to the Plague Triumph des Todes

25. Reaction to the Plague The Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

26. Reaction to the Plague Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

27. Reaction to the Plague Danza Macabra

28. Hundred Years’ War (1337– 1453) English king Edward III’s claim on French throne, thwarted by accession of first Valois king, Philip VI (r. 1328–1350)

29. Hundred Years’ War (1337– 1453) Larger cause: English- French territorial, commercial, & cultural rivalry

30. Hundred Years’ War (1337– 1453) French weakness: larger & wealthier, but more internal discord

31. Hundred Years’ War (cont.) First phase (under Edward III) Flanders allies with England, recognizing Edward as king of France, 1340 Battle of Crecy The English seize Calais, 1346 English rout near Poitiers, 1356; French king John II taken captive 1360 treaty: John II ransomed, English claims in France recognized, Edward renounces claim to French throne The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England! Calais

32. Hundred Years’ War (cont.) Second phase (Treaty of Troyes) English war effort flags due to peasant revolts recommences with English victory at Agincourt, 1415 Duchy of Burgundy joins English Treaty of Troyes, 1420: named English Henry V successor to French Charles VI, but both soon die

33. Hundred Years’ War (cont.) Third phase (Joan of Arc) French teenage peasant Joan of Arc declares call from God to deliver besieged Orléans from English Tired English repulsed, followed by string of French victories Joan captured 1430, tried & burned as heretic at English-held Rouen English forced back, conclude war with Calais as only French possession (1453) Summary: 68 years of peace, 44 years of war; France devastated, but national feeling awakened; English & French peasants suffer most from taxes & services

34. Late Medieval Church Papal monarchy (plentitude of power) established by Pope Innocent III strengthened the church politically, but weakened it spiritually— undermined popular support Demise of Hohenstaufens took away galvanizing enemy of church, made it vulnerable Innocent’s successor’s: tightened & centralized church legal proceedings; elaborated clerical taxation; broadened papal powers of appointment

35. Boniface VIII (r. 1294–1303) vs. Philip the Fair (r. 1285–1314) French & English kings raise taxes on clergy; Boniface decrees new taxes need papal consent French king Philip the Fair cuts off flow of money to Rome; Boniface concedes Boniface issues Unam Sanctam (1302), as confrontation with Philip ramps up, asserting subordination of temporal to spiritual power French army assault & molest Boniface, who later dies Result: popes never again seriously threaten European rulers

36. Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) Pope Clement V moves papal court here to escape strife of Rome To get needed revenue, papal taxes go up, and sale of indulgences begins Pope John XXII (r. 1316–1334)—most powerful Avignon pope

37. John Wycliffe (d. 1384) and John Huss (d. 1415) Lollards: followers of Wycliffe, English spokesman for rights of royalty against popes; challenged indulgences, papal infallibility, transubstantiation—anticipates Protestantism Hussites: followers of Huss, rector of University of Prague—similar to Lollards

38. Great Schism (1378–1417) Urban VI and Clement VII—rival popes; England & allies support Urban, France & allies support Clement Conciliar Theory: idea that a representative council could regulate actions of pope Council of Pisa (1409–1410): deposed Urban & Clement (who refused to step down), elected Alexander V—three contending popes

39. Great Schism (1378–1417) Council of Constance (1414–1417): provides for regular councils every few years Council of Basel (1431–1449): height of conciliar government of church; negotiated directly with heretics (Hussites) results of conciliar movement: greater religious responsibility to laity & secular governments