1. Chapter 11 Notes Events leading up to WWI: Treaties and alliances Nationalism (Pan-Slavism forced by Russians connected all Slavic peoples) Balkan Crisis (Austria, Hungary, Turkey feared E. European Nationalism of Serbia) Economic and Imperialistic rivalries Militarism fueled by international tensions and arms race Nationalism: Binding together a nations people, can fuel bitter conflicts. Leading cause of international tensions in early 1900’s

2. Alliances Triple Alliance 1882 – Bismark’s Germany, Italy, Austria- Hungary 1914 – Germany and Austria Hungary became Central Powers Triple Entente 1893 – Russia and France 1904 – France and Britain signed entente, non- binding treaty, 1914 – Britain, France, Russia became Allies

4. Murder in Sarajevo Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Austria-Hungary. June 28, 1914 Sarajevo, Bosnia. Bosnians not pleased Archduke assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, joined the Black Hand. Austria then blamed Serbia for death of Archduke. Issued ULTIMATUM (do this or else): except responsibility or we go to war.

5. The Black Hand: “Unity or Death”. Serbian nationalist group responsible for Ferdinand’s death. “Powder Keg of Europe”: Balkans in early 1900’s. A tiny spark might lead to explosion.

6. Schlieffen Plan: Cornerstone of Germany’s military policy Location between France and Russia Tried to avoid 2 front war Swift defeat in the West 1 st (of France) Thought Russia would be slow to mobilize (prepare military) FAILED Stalemate: a deadlock which neither side is able to defeat the other Trench Warfare : Warring armies buried into system of trenches. Network of bunkers, communication trenches and gun placements. Between opposing trenches lay “No Man’s Land” and soldiers would have to go without protection but gun and helmets

7. Modern Warfare Poison Gas Various gases that cause choking, blinding, or severe skin blisters; gas masks protect soldiers from poison gas. Before it’s invention the only protection was urine soaked cloths. Tanks, Airplanes, Submarines -Armored vehicle that travels on a track allowing it to cross many kinds of lands. Couldn’t go over trenches and had speeds of only 3 mph. -At first, mainly used for observation. Later, flying “aces” engaged in individual combat, though such “dogfights” had little effects on the war. -Underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or guided underwater bombs. U-boats.

8. The Armenian Genocide: -Turkish Armenians no longer allowed to live in own communities -practice own religions -created new tensions when minorities wanted own state -triggered genocide. -Sultan had thousands slaughtered when they protested. Over next 25 years over 1 million dead. -

9. Total War Total War: Everyone is a victim. All public and private efforts go towards the war. Factories produce tanks instead of cars, people ration, or limit, intake of goods. Economies committed to War production Conscription, or draft Raise taxes Rationed food Economic Warfare- blockades, confiscate contraband Sinking of Lusitania

10. Propaganda Controlling public opinion Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

11. End of War Morale Collapses War Fatigue Russian Revolution US joins war in April 1917 –Joins Allies –Zimmerman Note intercepted –Fourteen Points Western Front early 1918 March, Germans launched offensive that pushed Allies back 40 miles Allies had joined by July, Kaiser told war could not be won, stepped down in November Armistice, or agreement to end fighting, on at 11 am November 11, 1918

12. Treaty of Versailles Paris Peace Conference: Allies met to discuss fate of Europe Big Three- all with different goals: Wilson (peace without victory), Lloyd George (Britain – fit for heroes), Clemenceau (weaken Germany so it never threatens France again) Self-Determination: difficult to achieve – Italy wanted secret promise of Austrian-Hungarian lands fulfilled, many places once ruled by Russia or Ottomans now wanted own states June 1919- Germans ordered to sign treaty –placed all blame of Germans –Huge reparations ($2.7 trillion today) –Limited size of German military –Gave Alsace-Lorraine back to France, stripped of overseas colonies