1. “Before we can move forward, we must come to some kind of terms with 1945, with what it represents. A start would be the recognition that 1945, with its devastation, displacement, and horror, was the result not just of a few madmen and their befuddled followers, not just of ‘others,” but of humanity as a whole and of out culture as a whole” (Eksteins, 13).

2. What is Europe now? A rubble heap, a charnel house, a breeding ground of pestilence and hate” –Winston Churchill

5. Hiroshima: the pictures they didn’t want anyone to see

6. “Winners have no shame, no matter how they win” –Machiavelli.

7. “our historical sense is derived in turn from two directions: from the buildup that were the events of the pre-1945 past, with its inherent notions of agency and cause, and from the confusions of our own end-of-century, end-of-millennium present, with its immediacy and contradiction” (Eksteins, x).

8. Pre-WWII Build-Up Post WWI effects: introduction of total war/cult of the offensive Russian Revolution Economic Disaster with Great Depression League of Nations Rise of dictators and fascist states Dissatisfied Germany

10. “Europe After the Rain” –Max Ernst

11. Europe 1919-1929

13. “ a radically new government, based on socialism and one-party dictatorship, came to power in a great European state, maintained power, and eagerly encouraged worldwide revolution. ”

14. The Rise The Rise of Dictators!

15. Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Originally a Marxist.  By 1909 he was convinced that a national rather than an international revolution was necessary.

16. Mussolini Was Hitler’s Role Model

17. Inter-War Years: Conflict and Cooperation

18. Road to WWII Treaty of Versailles Great Depression Russian Revolution http://www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_md.htm

19. Picasso’s “Guernica”