2. EVOLUTION: VOCABULARY PART 1 EVOLUTION is ______Change_______ over _____time_________. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY is an explanation of phenomena supported by a collection of scientific __facts_, ___observation_____ and____hypothesis. FOSSILS are _____preserved__remains_____ of ___ancient___ organisms found in __ sedimentary rock (soil type). NATURAL VARIATIONS are differences among individuals of a species. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION- humans select from natural variations that they find most useful. STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE is the competition to obtain __food_, living space, and other necessities. FITNESS is the ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment. ADAPTATION is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST –individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce. NATURAL SELECTION – when the best survive and pass on beneficial characteristics to offspring without human control; overtime may change population.

3. VARIATIONS – differences in traits within a species. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE- have different functions but develop from same embryonic tissues. VESTIGIAL ORGAN is an organ that serves no useful function. EXTINCTION - end of a species CH 15-1 NOTES EVOLUTION 2 TYPES: GEOLOGIC- change of earth over time. (biological)ORGANIC- changes in living things over time. TWO IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS: 1. Darwin 2. Lamarck JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK GOOD 1st to recognize that living things change over time. all species were descended from other species organisms adapted to environment NOT SO GOOD by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or Lost certain traits during their lifetime. traits were passed on to their offspring. over time there was a change in the species. HINT the phrase “ acquired characteristics ” is associated with Lamarck

4. CHARLES DARWIN Developed theory of evolution based on VARIATION and NATURAL SELECTION. OVERPRODUCTION- production of more offspring than can survive COMPETITION- members of each species must fight for limited resources SURVIVAL of the FITTEST- individuals best adapted for their environment survive REPRODUCTION- those individuals that survive reproduce, and pass on successful characteristics to offspring SPECIATION- formation of new species over time -natural selection causes changes in characteristics of species over time -new species arise, old species disappear -species today descended with modifications from species in past COMMON DESCENT- all organisms on Earth are united into a single tree of life

5. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION 1. FOSSIL RECORD Earth is many millions of years old and is slowly changing over time Fossils found in different layers of rock formed at different times in history 2. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of LIVING SPECIES Common ancestry - new species develop from adapting to specific environment 3. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Similar forms with different functions 4. SIMILARITIES IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT Different organisms have similar early development

10. http://www.teachersdomain.org /resources/tdc02/sci/life/evo/ho whappens/index.html You should have a hand out and data paper to fill in after you finish watching the movie. It will be graded as a project.

13. Chapter 16 Vocabulary Adaptive value– the value to the population of an adaptation Common Descent – organisms have a common ancestor Struggle for existence – every organism struggles to survive, but only the fittest survive Genetic equilibrium – situation in which allele frequencies remain constant Reproductive isolation – organisms become unable to breed and produce fertile offspring Speciation – a new species is formed Genetic Drift – random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations Disruptive selection – Form of natural selection where the 2 ends of the distribution curve are favored Geographic isolation – form of reproductive isolation where 2 populations are separated physically Behavioral isolation – form of reproductive isolation in which 2 populations have differences in courtship rituals that prevents interbreeding

14. EVOLUTION NOTES CHAPTER 16 I.Darwin and DNA Darwin did not know how heredity worked. Two factors he couldn’t explain: 1. Source of variation 2. how inheritable traits were passed from one generation to the next II Gene Pools Combined genetic information of all the Members of a particular population. Two main sources of genetic variation: 1. Mutations -- change in sequence of DNA 2. Genetic shuffling -- sexual reproduction(crossing- over) III Genetic Drift In small populations, an allele becomes more or Less common simply by chance. IV When will evolution NOT occur? When there is genetic equilibrium -- allele Frequencies remain constant. * if the allele frequencies do not change, the population will not evolve. Hardy-Weinburg principle FIVE conditions to maintain genetic equilibrium: 1.random mating 2.large population 3.no movement in or out of population 4.no mutations 5.no natural selection

15. ORIGIN OF LIFE *Current scientific view of events on early Earth Primitive Earth 1. Surface- sea of molten rock 2. Atmosphere- gases such as: hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, water NO OXYGEN 3. Earth cooled enough to form crust ; violent volcanic activity 4. More cooling caused thunderstorms which created oceans. How could organic molecules have evolved under these conditions? Stanley Miller and Harold Urey simulated conditions on early Earth in the laboratory. Filled flask with hydrogen, methane,ammonia, and water. Passed electric sparks through mixture of gases to simulate lightning Over a few days, several amino acids began to accumulate (organic compounds) Sidney Fox demonstrated iteractions among these organic molecules. These experiments joined Miller’s organic compounds into aggregates, similar in form to “ cell-like ” structures. These first aggregates were called heterotrophs and were similar to prokaryotic bacteria and had the ability to reproduce.

16. These discoveries created the heteotroph hypothesis. Heterotrophs -- anaerobic respiration -- CO 2 given off Autotrophs -- O 2 given off – aerobic respiration Excessive oxygen in the atmosphere produced an ozone layer which gave protection from ultraviolet radiation. Some anaerobic species became extinct, while others adapted to the environmental change. PATTERNS of EVOLUTION 1. Punctuated equilibrium long, stable periods of no change interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change which produced many new species

17. 2. Gradualism evolution occurs gradually, slowly and continuously Adaptive Radiation

18. Divergent Speciation