1. Software program: Series of statements or instructions to the computerSoftware program: Series of statements or instructions to the computer System software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resourcesSystem software: Generalized programs, manages computer’s resources Application software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end usersApplication software : Programs written to perform functions specified by end users TYPES OF SOFTWARE

2. The Major Types of Software TYPES OF SOFTWARE

3. Operating system System softwareSystem software Manages and controls computerManages and controls computer System Software and PC Operating Systems TYPES OF SOFTWARE

4. Functions of the operating system Allocates and assigns system resourcesAllocates and assigns system resources Schedules use of computer resourcesSchedules use of computer resources Monitors computer system activitiesMonitors computer system activities Provides locations in primary memory for data and programsProvides locations in primary memory for data and programs Controls the input and output devicesControls the input and output devices System Software and PC Operating Systems TYPES OF SOFTWARE

5. The simplest form is multi-tasking. What this really means is that the programs are taking turns with the processor. It allows a single user to have the spreadsheet and the word processor open at the same time, and even more. Now the user can see to copy data from one to the other. Much better!! The computer must decide on how many time slices each program gets. The active program gets the most. Next is programs that are doing things but which aren't the foreground program. Last is programs that are open but aren't doing anything. They need a little bit of time every now and then to see if they are supposed to do something yet. Single program and Multitasking

6. Time-Sharing and Multi-processing The next step up in complexity is multiple users. On a network several users can be using the same computer or even the same program on that computer. This is called time-sharing. If a computer has multiple CPUs, it can do multiprocessing. Rather than a single CPU giving out turns to various programs, the different CPUs can work simultaneously. Speed increases immensely. Of course cost does, too! It is possible for a computer to use more than one operating system through the use of virtual machines."Virtual" means it's not really there. But programs written for different operating systems are fooled into thinking their required operating system is present.

7. Multitasking Multiprogramming capability of single- user operating systemsMultiprogramming capability of single- user operating systems Virtual Storage Handles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable lengthHandles programs more efficiently by dividing the programs into small fixed or variable length System Software and PC Operating Systems TYPES OF SOFTWARE

8. Virtual Storage TYPES OF SOFTWARE

9. Time Sharing Sharing of computer resources by many users simultaneouslySharing of computer resources by many users simultaneouslyMultiprocessing Executing two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing unitsExecuting two or more instructions simultaneously in a single computer using multiple central processing units System Software and PC Operating Systems TYPES OF SOFTWARE

10. Language translation and utility software Translates high-level language programs into machine languageTranslates high-level language programs into machine language System Software and PC Operating Systems TYPES OF SOFTWARE

11. GUIGUI Microsoft’s Windows 98Microsoft’s Windows 98 Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me)Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me) Windows 2000Windows 2000 PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces TYPES OF SOFTWARE

12. Windows XPWindows XP UNIXUNIX LinuxLinux PC Operating Systems and Graphical User Interfaces TYPES OF SOFTWARE

13. Programming Languages Machine Language. The lowest level programming language, composed of binary digits. First-generation language. Machine language; the level of programming languages actually understood by CPU.

14. Assembly language. A lower-level programming language that is slightly more user-friendly than machine language. Second- generation language. Assembly language; requires that each statement be translated into machine language through use of on assembler. Assembler. A system software program that translates an assembly language program into machine language.

15. Procedural languages. User-oriented programming languages, which require programmers to specify step by step how the computer must accomplish a task. Third-generation languages. The first level of higher-level programming languages, which are closer to natural language and therefore easier for programmers to use. Compiler. Software program that translates an entire high-level language program into object code at once.

16. Interpreter. A compiler that translates and executes one source program statement at a time. Nonprocedural languages. A type of high-level language that enables user to specify the desired result without having to specify the detailed procedures needed for achieving the result. Fourth–generation language (4GLs). A type of high-level programming languages, which can be used by nontechnical users to carry out specific functional tasks.

17. Assembly language TYPES OF SOFTWARE

18. FORTRAN TYPES OF SOFTWARE

19. COBOL TYPES OF SOFTWARE

20. Fourth-generation language: Employed directly by end usersFourth-generation language: Employed directly by end users Natural languages: Close to human languageNatural languages: Close to human language Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools TYPES OF SOFTWARE

22. Query languages: Provides immediate on-line answers to requestsQuery languages: Provides immediate on-line answers to requests Application software packages and PC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management SoftwareApplication software packages and PC software tools: Word Processing Software, Spreadsheets, Data Management Software Fourth-Generation Languages and PC Software Tools TYPES OF SOFTWARE

23. Spreadsheet Software TYPES OF SOFTWARE

24. Data Management Software TYPES OF SOFTWARE

25. Object-oriented programming Approach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single objectApproach to software development that combines data and procedures into a single object Visual programming Construction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objectsConstruction of software programs by selecting and arranging programming objects CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Object-Oriented Programming

26. Class, subclasses, and overriding CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

27. Programming languageProgramming language Delivers the software functionality needed for a particular taskDelivers the software functionality needed for a particular task Runs on any computer and operating systemRuns on any computer and operating system Java CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

28. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documentsHypertext Markup Language (HTML): Page description language, creates Web pages and other hypermedia documents XML (eXtensible Markup Language): General-purpose language, supports links to multiple documents, used for both Web and non-Web applications and provides more flexible and adaptable data identificationXML (eXtensible Markup Language): General-purpose language, supports links to multiple documents, used for both Web and non-Web applications and provides more flexible and adaptable data identification Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and XML CONTEMPORARY TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

29. Capacity planning: Process of predicting the computing powerCapacity planning: Process of predicting the computing power Scalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking downScalability: Ability of a computer, product, or system to expand and to serve without breaking down Hardware Technology Requirements for Electronic Commerce and Digital Firm

30. Designates the total cost of owning technology resourcesDesignates the total cost of owning technology resources Includes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and trainingIncludes initial purchase costs, cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets