1. Transposon “Jumping Genes” Insertion Sequence
DNA Sequence that moves from one location to another
Insertion Sequence
“retro” – made with transcriptase (like virsuses)

2. Transposon
Direct repeats

3. Composite
Adds extra genes between two insertions

4. Regulation of Metabolic Pathway
Regulate genes
Regulates enzymes

5. Operons
A unit of genetic material that functions in bacteria and phages
Clustered gene with one promoter
On/off switch

6. Negative Gene Regulation
Repressible operons
Transcription is inhibited
Inducible operons
Transcription is stimulated

7. The trp Operon
Corepressor – absent makes tryptophan

8. Repressor Corepressor – present stops tryptophan production
Corepressor – helper for repressor

9. lac operon
Lactose absent / repressor active – operon off

10. lac operon
Lactose present / repressor inactive – operon on
inducer

11. Positive Gene Regulation
cAMP
Accumulates when glucose is scarce

12. Chromatin

13. Nucleosome
DNA and histone proteins together

14. Repetitive DNA

15. Gene Amplification Not passed to children
Embryos – ribosome production
Cancer cells – drug resistance

16. Questions???
Gene loss??
Gene rearrangement??
Genome??

17. Gene Expression

18. Transcription Factors
A protein that binds to DNA and allows for RNA polymerase to attach and begin transcription
Enhancers – bends DNA to allow the factors to be closer to the promoter region

19. RNA Splicing
Allows alternative mRNA molecules to be built – ex. exons will act as introns

20. Recombinant DNA

21. Proteasome
A giant protein complex that destroys proteins tagged for elimination by ubiquitin.

22. DNA Testing
PCR
RFLP

23. Practical Application
Diagnosis of Diseases
Human Gene Therapy
DNA Fingerprinting
Environmental Uses
Agricultural Uses

24. Human Genome Project

25. Safety and Ethical Questions
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