1. Professor Martin Hendry University of Glasgow

6. A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away…

7. State of the Universe: Feb 2013

9. The nature of the nebulae?… Early 20 th Century Gas clouds within the Milky Way, or Island Universes?….

13. 10x 1000W 10W 1000W

16. Galaxy Laboratory

19. Hubble’s Law

22. “Space tells matter how to move, and matter tells space how to curve” Gravity in Einstein’s Universe

25. Will the Universe expand forever?... It depends how much matter there is

26. Weighing the Solar System Johannes Kepler Isaac Newton

27. More than meets the eye?... Fritz Zwicky 1933: finds evidence for dark matter in the Coma galaxy cluster

29. Vera Rubin 1970s: studies the rotation of spiral galaxies. Weighing galaxies Galaxies were spinning faster than they should be!

30. What we see What we think is really there…. 10 times as much as the luminous matter in the visible galaxy

33. So, is the expansion slowing down?...

36. redshift ‘Speeding up’ model ‘Slowing down’ model Hubble’s law for nearby supernovae Hubble diagram of distant supernovae measure of distance

41. redshift Latest results: still speeding up... measure of distance

43. Early Universe too hot for neutral atoms to exist Free electrons scatter light (as in a fog)

44. Early Universe too hot for neutral atoms to exist Free electrons scatter light (as in a fog) After ~380,000 years, Universe cool enough for neutral hydrogen to form: the fog clears!

45. Background radiation predicted in 1950s and 1960s by Gamov, Dicke, Peebles. Discovered in 1965 by Penzias and Wilson Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson Robert Dicke Jim Peebles

47. COBE map of temperature across the sky

48. CMBR ‘ripples’ are the seeds of today’s galaxies Galaxy formation is highly sensitive to the pattern of CMBR temperature