2. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9 Exercise Science Section 4: Joint Mechanics and Joint Injuries

3. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Types of Joints Cartilaginous joint – slight movement, cartilage in between absorbs shock, ex. vertebrae Fibrous joint – doesn’t move, ex. Bones in your skull Synovial joint – allows movement, bones are separated by cartilage and synovial fluid, and ligaments, ex. knee

4. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Types of Synovial Joints Ball-and-socket joint – ex. Hip, allows rotation Hinge joint – ex. Elbow, allow movement in one plane (uni- axial) Saddle joint – ex. Thumb, biaxial Gliding joint – ex. between the carpals, connects flat bone surfaces Pivot joint – ex. The first two vertebrae in the neck, which allow you to shake your head no, uni-axial, a rounded point of one bone fits in a groove of another Ellipsoid joint – ex. Between the metacarpals and phalanges, the wrist, bi-axial,

5. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Characteristics of a Synovial Joint Bone Blood vessels Nerve Synovial membrane Joint cavity (filled with synovial fluid) Fibrous capsule Joint capsule Bursa Tendon sheath Tendon Articular cartilage Fibrous layer Membranous layer Periosteum

6. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Tissue Properties  Tendons:  Composed of collagen (bundles of white, fibrous protein)  Attach muscle to bone  Vascular  Ligaments:  Tough bands of white, fibrous tissue  Attach bone to bone  Avascular Vascularity – the amount of blood a tissue requires. Ligaments and Cartilage are avascular, bones and muscles are vascular

7. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Common Sport Injuries  Strains, pulls, and tears  Terms used to describe injuries to all joint tissue types – first to third degree – third are most severe and may require surgery  Tendinitis  Inflammation of a tendon from repeated, unusual use or overuse  Dislocations  Bone displaced from its original location; a doctor should fix it  Separations  Fibrous ligaments that bind the bones tear and separate  Cartilage injuries  Torn cartilage  Shin splints  Tearing of the interosseous membrane or the periosteum on the medial or lateral side of the tibia (on the shaft)  Risk factors: old shoes, uneven surfaces, change in training frequency or duration Tendinitis

8. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.  Arthroscopy – a surgery to look inside with a camera for cartilage injuries

9. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Proper Treatment of an Injury S.H.A.R.PP.I.E.R. Principle Swelling: instantly or over timePressure: tensor wrap Heat: increased temperature in the area Ice: placed on affected area Altered: tissue will not function properly Elevate: to reduce swelling Red: in colourRestrict: tensors, slings, or crutches Painful: to touch or move

10. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Shoulder Joint Clavicle Coracoclavicular ligament Coracoid process Scapula Acromioclavicular ligament Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Glenohumeral ligaments and joint capsule Tendon of biceps brachii (long head) Humerus

11. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Shoulder Joint Injuries  Biceps tendinitis  Caused by overuse of the biceps brachii muscle  Shoulder separation  Tearing of the acromioclavicular ligament  Shoulder dislocation  Occurs when the humerus “pops out” of the glenoid fossa  Rotator cuff tears  An injury to one of the rotator cuff tendons Shoulder separation

12. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Knee Joint – Anterior Patella Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament Patellar ligament Tibial tuberosity Tibia Quadriceps tendon Fibula

13. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Knee Joint Anterior (deep) Femur Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament removed Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament removed Lateral Meniscus Tibial Tuberosity Fibula Lateral CondyleMedial Condyle Medial Meniscus Tibia Posterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligament

14. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Knee Joint – Posterior Femur Adductor magnus tendon Medial head of gastrocnemius tendon Semimembranosus tendon Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament Fibular head Lateral head of gastrocnemius tendon Oblique popliteal ligament Fibula Tibia

15. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Knee Joint – Posterior (deep) Anterior cruciate ligament Popliteal tendon Lateral meniscus Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate Femur Fibula Tibia Posterior meniscofemoral ligament

16. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Knee Joint Injuries  Knee ligament tears  Q-angle (quadriceps angle) – determined by the width of the pelvis. A line from the centre of patella to anterioir superior iliac spine. - another from the centre of the patella to the tibial tuberosity may contribute to the predisposition of ACL tears  Osgood-Schlatter syndrome  Affects the epiphyseal plate of the tibial tuberosity  Patellofemoral Syndrome (PFS)  Gradual onset of anterior knee pain/pain around the patella Osgood- Schlatter syndrome

17. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Ankle Joint – Medial View Tibia Medial malleolus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Long plantar ligament Deltoid ligament

18. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. The Ankle Joint – Lateral View Tibia Fibula Posterior tibiofibular ligament Lateral malleolus Anterior tibiofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament Calcaneus Posterior talofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament

19. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook. Ankle Joint Injuries  Inversion sprains  “twisted ankle”  Eversion sprains  Occurs to the deltoid ligament  Pott’s Fracture  A force on the medial side of ankle causing the deltoid ligament to rip off the tip of the medial malleolus; and a break of the fibula Inversion sprain

20. ©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy any of this material. This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.