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The Appendicular Skeleton
C h a p t e r 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
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An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones Allows us to move and manipulate objects Includes all bones besides axial skeleton The limbs The supportive girdles
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The Pectoral Girdle Also called the shoulder girdle
Connects the arms to the body Positions the shoulders Provides a base for arm movement Consists of Two clavicles Two scapulae Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium
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Clavicles Also called collarbones Long, S-shaped bones
Originate at the manubrium (sternal end) Articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
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Scapula Articulate with arm and collarbone Structures of the scapula
Anterior surface: the subscapular fossa Body has three sides: superior border medial border (vertebral border) lateral border (axillary border) Body has three corners: superior angle inferior angle lateral angle
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Scapula Glenoid cavity or fossa Coracoid process: Acromion:
Articulates with humerus To form shoulder joint Coracoid process: anterior, smaller Acromion: posterior, larger articulates with clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint
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Scapula Scapular spine: Separates two regions:
ridge across posterior surface of body Separates two regions: supraspinous fossa infraspinous fossa
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The Upper Limbs The upper limbs consist of the arms, forearms, wrists, and hands arm (brachium)
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Humerus Head: Anatomical neck: Surgical neck:
Rounded, articulating surface Contained within joint capsule Anatomical neck: Margin of joint capsule Surgical neck: The narrow metaphysis
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Humerus The Shaft Deltoid tuberosity: Radial groove:
a bulge in the shaft attaches deltoid muscle Radial groove: for radial nerve posterior to deltoid tuberosity
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Humerus The distal epiphysis Articular regions of the condyle
Medial and lateral epicondyles: for muscle attachment Condyle of the humerus: articulates with ulna and radius Articular regions of the condyle Trochlea: coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa articulates with ulna Capitulum: radial fossa articulates with radius
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Forearm Also called the antebrachium Consists of two long bones
Ulna (medial) Radius (lateral)
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Ulna The olecranon The coronoid process Superior end of ulna
Point of elbow Superior lip of trochlear notch Articulates with trochlea of humerus The coronoid process Inferior lip of trochlear notch
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Ulna Articulations with the humerus Other articulations
Forearm extended: olecranon enters olecranon fossa Forearm flexed: coronoid process enters coronoid fossa Other articulations Radial notch: articulates with head of radius forms proximal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head: prominent styloid process attaches to articular disc between forearm and wrist
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Radius Lateral bone of forearm Disk-shaped radial head above the neck
Radial tuberosity below the neck, attaches biceps Articulations of the radius Ulnar notch: distal end articulates with wrist and radius Styloid process: stabilizes wrist joint
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8 Carpal Bones Trapezium Scaphoid Trapezoid Lunate Capitate Triquetrum
Hamate Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Sally loves to play the Trumpet, Tuba, Cello, and Harp
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Metacarpals & Phalanges
Metacarpal Bones The five long bones of the hand Numbered I–V from lateral (thumb) to medial Articulate with proximal phalanges Phalanges of the Hands (14 total finger bones) Pollex (thumb) Two phalanges (proximal, distal) Fingers Three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)
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The Upper Limbs Figure 8–6a Bones of the Wrist and Hand.
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The Pelvic Girdle Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones)
Strong to bear body weight, stress of movement Part of the pelvis Coxal bones Made up of three fused bones Ilium (articulates with sacrum) Ischium Pubis
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The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The acetabulum
Also called the hip socket Is the meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis Is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) Articulates with head of the femur (lunate surface) Acetabular notch A gap in the ridge of the margins of the acetabulum
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Ilium Greater sciatic notch Iliac crest Iliac fossa For sciatic nerve
Upper brim Iliac fossa Depression between iliac crest and arcuate line
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Ischium Ischial spine Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Superior ramus
Above lesser sciatic notch Ischial tuberosity Posterior projection you sit on Ischial ramus Meets inferior ramus of pubis Superior ramus Meets pubic tubercle
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Pubis Pubic symphysis Gap between pubic tubercles
Padded with fibrous cartilage Obturator foramen Formed by ischial and pubic rami Attaches hip muscles Pectineal line Ridge of superior ramus of pubis Continues to iliac crest as arcuate line (both of the ilium)
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The Pelvic Girdle Coxal Bones The Pelvis
Articulations of the pelvic girdle Sacroiliac joint Articulation of posterior auricular surface of ilium With the sacrum Stabilized by ligaments of iliac tuberosity The Pelvis Consists of two coxal bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx Stabilized by ligaments of pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
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The Pelvic Girdle Figure 8–8a The Pelvis.
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The Pelvic Girdle Divisions of the Pelvis True pelvis False pelvis:
Encloses pelvic cavity Pelvic brim: upper edge of true pelvis encloses pelvic inlet Perineum region: inferior edges of true pelvis forms pelvic outlet perineal muscles support organs of pelvic cavity False pelvis: Blades of ilium above arcuate line
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Comparing the Male Pelvis and Female Pelvis
Smoother and lighter Pelvis modifications for Childbearing enlarged pelvic outlet broad pubic angle (>100°) less curvature of sacrum and coccyx wide, circular pelvic inlet broad, low pelvis ilia project laterally, not upwards
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The Lower Limbs Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap) Tibia and fibula (leg) Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes)
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Femur The proximal epiphysis Femoral head: The neck:
articulates with pelvis at acetabulum attaches at fovea capitis The neck: Narrow area between head and trochanters Joins shaft at angle
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Femur The proximal epiphysis Trochanters:
greater trochanter and lesser trochanter: tendon attachments intertrochanteric line (anterior) and intertrochanteric crest (posterior): mark edge of articular capsule
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Femur The shaft The distal epiphysis Linea aspera:
most prominent ridge of shaft attaches hip muscles joins epicondyles The distal epiphysis Medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle: above the knee joint Medial condyle and lateral condyle: separated by intercondylar fossa and patellar surface form part of knee joint
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Patella Also called the kneecap A sesamoid bone
Formed within tendon of quadriceps femoris Base attaches quadriceps femoris Apex attaches patellar ligament
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Tibia The proximal epiphysis Medial and lateral tibial condyles:
separated by intercondylar eminence articulate with medial and lateral condyles of femur Tibial tuberosity: attaches patellar ligament
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Tibia The shaft The distal epiphysis Anterior margin:
sharp ridge of shinbone The distal epiphysis Medial malleolus: medial projection at the ankle
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Fibula Attaches muscles of feet and toes Smaller than tibia
Lateral to tibia
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Fibula Articulations with tibia Fibula/tibia articulations:
head inferior tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane: binds fibula to tibia Lateral malleolus: lateral projection of ankle
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Ankle Also called the tarsus Consists of seven tarsal bones
Bones of the ankle Talus: carries weight from tibia across trochlea Calcaneus (heel bone): transfers weight from talus to ground attaches calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Cuboid: articulates with calcaneus
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Ankle Navicular: Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform
articulates with talus and three cuneiform bones Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform
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Metatarsal Bones of the Foot
Five long bones of foot Numbered I–V, medial to lateral Articulate with toes
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Phalanges of the foot 14 bones of the toes Hallux
Big toe or great toe, two phalanges (distal, proximal) Other four toes Three phalanges (distal, medial, proximal)
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Arches of the Feet Arches transfer weight from one part of the foot to another The longitudinal arch Calcaneal portion: lateral Talar portion: medial The transverse arch Formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot
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