1. Camille Blochet Language Brain areas implied in language analysis Oscillations related to language and cognitive skills

2. What is it? Ability to associate arbitrary symbols with specific meanings to express thoughts and emotions to ourselves and others by means of spoken and in some culture written language Components of language Grammar = obedience to a set of rules Syntax = meaning Prosody = emotional valence

3. Aphasia Broca’s aphasiaWernicke’s aphasia Halting speechFluent speech Tendency to repeat phrases or wordsLittle spontaneaous repetition Disordered syntaxSyntax adequate Disordered grammarGrammar adequate Disordered structure of individual words Contrived or inappropriate words Comprehension intactComprehension not intact

4. Language-related areas Localization of the brain regions implied in language analysis  Broca’s area: production of language  Wernicke’s area: interpretation of language  Geschwind’s territory: apprehending the multiple properties of words

5. Language-related regions of the left hemisphere mapped by positron emission tomography (PET) in a normal human subject (Prosner and Raichle, 1994) Activity in Broca’s and Wernicke’s area and in primary and association sensory and motor areas  Language processing involves many cortical regions in addition to the classic language areas

6. Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca’s area. 2009. Ned T. Sahin. Science Conditions of the experiment

7. Main results Sahin (2009)

8. Additional features of the triphasic waveform support the lexical- inflectional-phonological progression Sahin (2009)

9. But limitations of this experiment: Only 3 patients Epileptic patients Good resolution but difficult to repeat

10.  Group differences across power spectra increase across age Early cognitive and language skills are linked to resting frontal gamma power across the first 3 years. 2008. April A. Benasich. Behavioural Brain Research

11. Variance test at 5-30 and 31-50 Hz band power  The two groups significantly differ for frequencies within the gamma- range

12. Correlations between mean gamma power and behavior at 16, 24 and 36 months.

13. Correlation between mean gamma power and behavioral test

14. Bootstrap procedure Bootstrapping is a resampling technique used to obtain estimates of summary statistics.

15. Post-hoc analysis of electrode-by-electrode

16. Limitations and questions on this experiment: Correlation or causal link? Gamma oscillations due to specific attention or language? Gamma oscillation in adult? few studies about this phenomenon

17. Conclusion Language is a complex cognitive function Lack of animals model but different methods capable of revealing some features Complex brain analysis: many cortical regions implied Gamma oscillations play an important role