1. Glands Glands  cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells Exocrine Glands  secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial cells through ducts Example: Goblet Cells  secrete mucus into trachea Saliva, earwax, and oil Endocrine Glands  secrete substances directly into fluid Example: Hormones are released directly into bloodstream Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland

2. Glands Endocrine glandExocrine gland

3. What do I need to know about glands? Glands  cells that secrete substances stuff Exocrine Glands  secrete substances out of the body Example: Goblet Cells  secrete mucus into trachea Saliva, earwax, and oil Endocrine Glands  secrete substances that stay in the body

4. What types of questions are you going to ask me about glands? Sweat gland: Endocrine gland or exocrine gland? All glands are made from this general type of tissue. What is it? Is the thyroid gland an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland?

5. Membranes Membranes  sheet-like coverings over organs; made from epithelial tissue Mucous Membranes  release mucous Serous Membranes  wrap around organs

6. What do I need to know about membranes? Made from epithelial tissue Difference between a mucous membrane and a serous membrane

7. What types of questions will you ask me about membranes? Membranes are made from what type of tissue? Do you think membranes are made from simple or stratified tissue? What type of membrane surrounds your heart?

8. Cell to Cell Contact & Connective Tissue How do cells stick together? Tight Junctions  rows of proteins that seal cells together Prevents molecules from getting stuck in between cells Important in epithelial cells of the intestines Adhering Junctions  Mass of proteins (called desmosomes) that spot weld the cell together at a very specific point Important in areas where stretching occurs Found in skin cells, lining of stomach Gap Junctions  protein channels that connect cells Promotes cell-to-cell communication; allows ions to move through cells Found in heart & and other organs

9. What do I need to know about cell junctions? They help cells stick together side-by side There are 3 types: Tight, adhering, and gap You should know what they look like and what they do.

10. What types of questions will you ask me about cell junctions? This type of junction would be found in your heart, where ions must travel from cell to cell. This type of junction would be found in your intestines, where solids and liquids can’t leak from inside the digestive system

11. Connective Tissues Connective Tissue  Most abundant tissue in the body Small numbers of cells embedded with connective fibers such as collagen and elastin Collagen  structural protein fibers give mass and volume to structures Fibroblasts  secrete jelly-like substance; gives structure to organs Elastin  stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity All connective tissue has the same ingredients, just in different proportions

12. Loose Connective Tissue Many Cells; few fibers Collagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arranged Macrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cells Surrounds blood vessels and nerves

13. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Lots of collagen fibers and fibroblasts Deep regions of the skin

14. Dense Regular Connective Tissue Collagen fibers run parallel to each other Creates strong attachments between muscles and bones Found in ligaments and tendons

15. What do I need to know general connective tissue? There are 3 types Each type has collagen, elastin, and fibroblasts You should know what each tissue looks like and what it does.

16. What types of questions will you ask me about general connective tissue? What is the thick fiber in connective tissue called? What are the cells in general connective tissue called What connective tissue is this? Where would you find it?

17. Cartilage & Bone Cartilage  type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape of body parts Structure of Cartilage  Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber. Newly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytes Very few blood vessels penetrate cartilage; difficult to heal CartilageBone

18. Types of Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage  Consists of collagen fibers. Found where bone meets bone or at joints in the body Reduces friction between moving bones Found on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribs Chondrocytes 

19. Types of Cartilage Elastic Cartilage  Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also some collagen Found in parts of the body where stretchability is important Found in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottis

20. Types of Cartilage Fibrocartilage  Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of pressure Densely packed with collagen fibers Found in kneecaps, in between vertebrae Collagen Fiber 

21. What do I need to know general connective tissue? There are 3 types Each type has collagen, elastin, and chondrocytes You should know what each tissue looks like and what it does.

22. What types of questions will you ask me about cartilage? What is the most abundant cartilage in the body? Where would you find it? What are the cells in cartilage called? What type of cartilage would be found inside your knee, where it absorbs the shock of walking and running? Which has more cells in it; fibrocartilage or dense regular connective tissue?

23. Bone Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, osteocytesInside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, osteocytes Bone is embedded with more blood vessels than cartilageBone is embedded with more blood vessels than cartilage

24. Types of Bone Compact Bone Found on the outside of larger bones, embedded with lots of blood vessels and nerves

25. Types of Bone Spongy Bone Found at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calcium

26. What do I need to know about bone tissue? There are 2 types It is the most rigid of all connective tissue It has lots of collagen and calcium salts, which makes it very rigid You should know what spongy bone and compact bone look like. You should know where each is located.

27. What types of questions will you ask me about bone tissue? What type of bone is found on the outside of your bones? What are the cells in bone called? What has more blood in it, bone or cartilage?

28. Types of Muscle Skeletal Muscle  Muscle attached to bones Individual cells are called muscle fibers Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle cells Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin) Actin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striated Fibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissue

29. Types of Muscle Smooth Muscle  muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs Fewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriated Maintains constant tension, smaller contractions Often called involuntary muscle

30. Types of Muscle Cardiac Muscle Striated like skeletal muscle Involuntary like smooth muscle Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called intercalated discs

31. What do I need to know about muscle tissue? There are 3 types Actin & Myosin are proteins that cause “bands” in skeletal and cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle is voluntary Smooth Muscle is involuntary You should be able to differentiate between skeletal and smooth muscle

32. What types of questions will you ask me about muscle tissue? What type of muscle is found in your arm? What are the “bands” in muscle called? What 2 proteins make up these bands What type of muscle is smooth? Which is skeletal? A B