1. End-to-End Workflows for Coupled Climate and Hydrological Modeling Edwin Sumargo (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Sylvia Murphy (NOAA/CIRES) Kathy Saint (SGI Inc)

2. Outline Ongoing Project Objective System Description Project Phases Internship Goals CAM to SWAT Conversion Downscaling Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Remaining Tasks Summary

3. Ongoing Project Objective The development of an end-to-end workflow that executes, in a loosely coupled mode, a distributed modeling system comprised of an atmospheric model (CAM) using ESMF and a hydrological model (SWAT) using OpenMI.

4. System Description Data Files SWAT OpenMI CAM OpenMI Wrapper Driver High Performance Computer ESMF Web Services ESMF CAM Component ESMF CAM Component Personal Computer SWAT (hydrology model) runs on PC CAM (atmospheric model) runs on HPC Wrappers for both SWAT and CAM provide OpenMI interface to each model Driver (OpenMI Configuration Editor) uses OpenMI interface to timestep through models via wrappers Access to CAM across the network provided by ESMF Web Services CAM output data written to NetCDF files and streamed to CAM wrapper via ESMF Web Services Resulting output files archived to science gateway

5. Project Phases Phase 1: SWAT & the ESMF stub atmospheric component communicate via an external netCDF file (Jan-Mar 2010) Phase 2: CAM replaces the ESMF atmospheric stub but both still communicate via the netCDF (Apr-May) Phase 3: Data flows via socket interfaces with realistic unit conversions (May-June) Phase 4: Full streaming on public systems. Data archived to a science portal (Sept-Oct)

6. Internship Goals Determine the variable and unit conversions necessary to couple CAM to SWAT Investigate downscaling methods and determine under which conditions to use each Investigate C/C++ nearest neighbor algorithms Install SWAT on a public PC at NOAA Investigate SWAT configuration options Create graphics of SWAT output Begin the calibration process for SWAT

7. CAM to SWAT Conversion SWAT reference: (Neitsch et al., 2004) CAM reference: (McCaa et al., 2004) Variables needed to be converted: 1.Air Temperature 2.Solar Radiation 3.Precipitation 4.Relative Humidity 5.Wind Speed

8. Downscaling Downscaling methods were investigated (Fowler et al., 2007) A method needed to be determined for both the current and future system “Downscaling climate data is a strategy for generating locally relevant data from Global Circulation Models (GCMs). The overarching strategy is to connect global scale predictions and regional dynamics to generate regionally specific forecasts” (http://www.climate-decisions.org). 3 fundamental downscaling methods: –Dynamical Downscaling (DD) –Statistical Downscaling (SD) –Nearest Neighbor Interpolation (NNI): the simplest case Source: www.southwestclimatechange.org

9. Dynamical Downscaling A downscaling method where a higher resolution climate model is embedded within a GCM (Fowler et al., 2007). –Uses regional climate or limited-area models –Typically resolved at approximately 0.5° latitude and longitude scale and parameterize physical atmospheric processes. Advantages: –Performs better at regions where topographic effects are prominent –Superior for which convective precipitation is involved Disadvantages: –Computationally very intensive –Strongly depends on GCM boundary forcing –Has limited number of scenario ensembles available

10. Statistical Downscaling A downscaling method that establishes empirical relationships between GCM-resolution climate variables and local climate (Fowler et al., 2007). Advantages: –More efficient than dynamical downscaling –More suitable in handling the extremes, e.g. of temperature –Performs better at higher altitude, mainly with continental climate Disadvantages: –Underestimates variance –Excludes climate feedbacks –Skill is affected by domain size, climatic region, and season

11. Nearest Neighbor Interpolation Nearest Neighbor Interpolation was determined to be the most appropriate downscaling method for the current system. –This is because there is only one atmospheric grid point in the hydrological domain. –Nearest neighbor interpolation calculates the distance between the points on the grid and the center of the hydrological domain. –We adapted this calculation to the sphere using the Haversine formula (http://www.movable- type.co.uk/scripts/latlong.html). A future phase of the system will involve more than one atmospheric grid point per hydrological domain. –It is anticipated that statistical downscaling will be used.

12. SWAT SWAT is a river basin scale model developed to quantify the impact of land management practices in large, complex watersheds (http://swatmodel.tamu.edu). –Runs on Windows platform –Configuration of SWAT is easier with GIS software –MWSwat is a free GIS interface to SWAT swat2005 Application GIS with MWSwatSetup file (file.cio)

13. Setup and Run Domain: Lake Fork Creek watershed near Quitman, TX –Default test basin on SWAT2005 Setup and ran 20-year simulation (1990-2009) SWAT outputs data as ASCII texts Developed plots of the output Lake Fork Creek watershed near Quitman, TX

14. Calibration Each SWAT basin must be calibrated, including the Lake Fork test basin that comes with SWAT. Downloaded the observed time series from USGS website –Data are daily mean water discharges (ft 3 /s) at Lake Fork Creek watershed Reviewed calibration techniques Attempted modification of input parameters Reran to calibrate Recalibrated (as needed) USGS record Example of calibration slideshow

15. Remaining Tasks Work on MWSwat to configure the output files of SWAT Continue SWAT calibration

16. Summary To couple an atmospheric model and a hydrological model, careful unit conversions are needed to connect data flows. To determine the best downscaling method for the project also required thorough investigation. Running and calibrating SWAT were crucial to complete Phase 4 of an end-to-end workflow.

17. Questions Earth System Curator: http://earthsystemcurator.orghttp://earthsystemcurator.org ESMF: http://earthsystemmodeling.orghttp://earthsystemmodeling.org OpenMI: http://www.openmi.orghttp://www.openmi.org CAM: http://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm4.0/camhttp://www.ccsm.ucar.edu/models/ccsm4.0/cam SWAT: http://swatmodel.tamu.eduhttp://swatmodel.tamu.edu MWSwat: http://www.waterbase.org/download_mwswat.htmlhttp://www.waterbase.org/download_mwswat.html sumargo1@illinois.edu sylvia.murphy@noaa.gov ksaint@sgi.com Reference: Fowler, H., Blenkinsop, S., & Tebaldi, C. (2007). Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies. International Journal of Climatology, 27, 1547-1578.

18. CAM to SWAT Conversion SWAT reference: (Neitsch et al., 2004) CAM reference: (McCaa et al., 2004) 1.Air Temperature SWAT requires air temperature at surface (TMPSIM) in °C. The variable in CAM is TS in K. TMPSIM °C = TS K – 273.15 2.Solar Radiation SWAT requires daily solar radiation incident on surface (SLRSIM) in MJ m -2. The variable in CAM is SOLIN in W m -2. SLRSIM MJ m -2 day -1 = SOLIN J s -1 m -2 * 86400 s day -1 * 10 -6 MJ J -1

19. CAM to SWAT Conversion 3.Precipitation SWAT requires total liquid precipitation (PCPSIM) in mm(H 2 O) day -1. The variables in CAM are: PRECC = Convective Precipitation Rate (m s -1 ) PRECL = Large Scale (stable) Precipitation Rate (m s -1 ) PRECT = Total Precipitation Rate (m s -1 ) = PRECC + PRECL PCPSIM mm day -1 = PRECT m s -1 * 86400 s day -1 * 1000 mm m -1, if PRECT is available. PCPSIM mm day -1 = (PRECC m s -1 + PRECL m s -1 ) * 86400 s day -1 * 1000 mm m -1, if PRECT is not on the file.

20. CAM to SWAT Conversion 4. Relative Humidity SWAT requires relative humidity (RHSIM) in decimal fraction. The variable in CAM is RELHUM in percent. RHSIM (decimal fraction) = 5.Wind Speed SWAT requires (horizontal) wind speed (WNDSIM) in m s -1. The variables in CAM are WSPEED in m s -1. UBOT = zonal wind speed at the bottom of the atmospheric layer (m s -1 ) VBOT = meridional wind speed at the bottom of the atmospheric layer (m s -1 ) = horizontal total wind speed (m s -1 ) WNDSIM m s -1 = WSPEED m s -1