1. Direct Democracy 3 November 2009

2. A word about the essays…

3. Functions of Party Identification Helps one organise and categorise information Perceptual Screen Helps one make value judgments. Is Barack Obama more competent than George Bush? Could Bill Clinton be trusted? Influence Political Behavior Persons who are party identifiers are more interested in politics, more concerned about who wins the election, and more likely to vote. party id is the most important determinant of the way people vote

4. How do people decide who to vote for? Two Models of Voting Behaviour Voters as forward thinkers (Prospective Model) Party identification Candidate characteristics Issue positions Voters looking back (Retrospective Model) Party identification Evaluation of the past Note that both models agree that partisanship plays a central role

5. Measuring Party Identification “Generally speaking, do you usually think of yourself as a Republican, a Democrat, and Independent, or what?” Persons who call themselves Republicans or Democrats are then asked: “Would you call yourself a strong (Republican, Democrat) or a not very strong (Republican, Democrat). Persons who call themselves Independents, answer “no preference,” or name another party are asked : “Do you think of yourself as closer to the Republican or to the Democratic party?”

6. Ideology and Partisanship

7. Trends in Partisanship (1952-2008)

8. Influence of Party Id

9. Dynamics of 2000 Presidential Campaign Source: Johnston and Hagen (APSA 2003) “Priming and Learning: Evidence from the 2000 Annenberg Study”

10. Perception of Gore’s Honesty

11. Requirements for Issue Voting Aware of the issue Care about the issue Perceive difference between the candidates Correct about the difference

13. Direct Democracy as an Alternative Rather than voting for representatives, citizens are able to draft and vote directly on policy Direct democracy allows citizens to be their own “legislators” Direct democracy also allows citizens to set the policy agenda Circumvent a non-responsive legislature

14. Recall the reasoning for the U.S. Constitutional Framework… America is not so much a democracy as it is a republic. The whole idea of the Constitution was to limit majority rule, to prevent tyranny of the majority. This is why citizens do not make laws directly, but elect representatives to do so, and supra-majorities or checks and balances are required in every step of legislation and execution. Nevertheless, the Constitution reserves power to the states to determine their own laws. Many states allow voters to make laws directly.

15. Devices of Direct Democracy The Referendum Government places a question before the voters The Initiative Allows voters (or some organized group) to define the issue or question to be voted on The Recall Allows voters to undo elections by recalling elected officials

16. The Referendum France and the Netherlands recently voted on the European Constitution (2005) Constitution of Iraq (2005) Australian Republic (1999) Canada “Charlottetown Accord” (1992)— divisions of powers between federal and provinces Ireland (1995) held a referendum to decide whether divorce should be legal

17. The Initiative—Some Examples Taxes Prop 13 (California, 1978) Medicinal marijuana California’s Prop 315 (1996); Proposition 1 (Michigan 2008); Measure 67 (Oregon, 1998) New proposals in California would legalise, tax and regulate the drug in what would be the first such law in the United States. Tax officials estimate that legislation could bring $1.4 billion a year. New proposals Ban same-sex marriage 11 states (2004); 3 states (2008)20042008 Deny illegal immigrants social services, health care, and public education Prop 187 (California, 1994)

18. The Recall Typically used for local offices Exception-California Governor (October 7, 2003) Signatures Results

19. Where Direct Democracy is used

20. Advantages Allows citizens to circumvent unresponsive legislatures (example of term limits and other reforms) Allows citizens to remove unpopular representatives (example of Gray Davis) Empowers voters

21. Criticisms of Direct Democracy Original intent of the framers was for a republican form of government Too much money and “special interest” influence Voters are incompetent Concern about minority rights

22. Reasons Californians Support Direct Democracy Source: Table 7.1, p. 135 Donovan and Bowler

23. Voter Evaluations of Representative versus Direct Democracy Source: Table 7.2, p. 136 Donovan and Bowler