1. Functional neuroanatomy
Functional neuroanatomy
Attention
Language
Knowledge
Imagery
Memory
States ‘of mind’ (and body)
Adaptation/plasticity
Language; visual processing; mental imagery
How our brains integrate types of information to develop concepts; how previous experience affects processing of new information

2. What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain)
Feeling your chair
Squirming (moving)
Watching
Listening
Remembering
Paying attention
Sleeping
Feeling anxious
Feeling hungry
What happens when you ask a question?
Learning

3. 5 types of cortical tissue

4. Localization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks
5 major brain systems subserving
cognition and behavior
Left perisylvian language network
Parieto-frontal network for spatial attention
Occipitotemporal network for object/face recognition
Medial temporal/limbic network for learning & memory
Prefrontal network for attention & comportment

5. Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
CJ Price, J Anat 2000

6. Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
CJ Price, J Anat 2000

7. Lesion studies of the language network: The major nodes
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
Broca’s (production)
Wernicke’s (comprehension)

8. Lesion studies of the language network: Disconnection syndromes
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
Alexia without agraphia
Geschwind N & Kaplan E, Neurology, 1962

9. Functional neuroimaging of the language network
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
One to many, many to one
CJ Price, J Anat 2002

10. Language function: Using neuroimaging to test hypotheses
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
CJ Price, J Anat 2002

11. What’s in a name? A means to access specific types of knowledge
CJ Price, J Anat 2000

12. What’s in a name? A means to access specific types of knowledge
Elephant
CJ Price, J Anat 2000

13. Linguistic access to specific types of knowledge
Damasio H, Nature 1996

14. Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
CJ Price, J Anat 2000

15. Visual processing: Two pathways
Dorsal (Occipito-parietal): Object & object feature recognition
Disorders:
visual object agnosia
prosopagnosia
achromatopsia
Ventral (Occipito-temporal): Visual recognition of spatial location
Disorders: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia (Balint’s); constructional apraxia, akinotopsia

16. Visual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimaging
Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

17. Visual processing: Attention influences which stream is used
Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

18. Visual object recognition: Lesion studies
Agnosias may be specific to certain categories of information

19. Visual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areas
Haxby JV, Science 2001

20. Visual object recognition: Faces & places
Kanwisher N, Science, 2006

21. Visual object recognition: Faces
Tsao

22. Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memory
Language & naming
Visual systems & category-specific processing
Imagery/sensory memory
CJ Price, J Anat 2000

23. Visual perception & imagery
Ganis G, Cog Brain Res 2004

24. Auditory imagery
Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

25. Motor imagery
Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

26. Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
Name this animal and tell me what you know about it

27. Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
Name this person and tell me what you know about him

28. Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge
Object-specific naming deficits
Object-specific recognition deficits
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
Damasio H, Cognition 2004

29. Encoding & recall of category-specific information
Faces: Fusiform gyrus
Places: Parahippocampal gyrus
Encoding of category-specific information activates relevant areas of cortex
Polyn SM et al., Science, 2005

30. Encoding & recall of category-specific information
Reactivation of category-specific areas occurs prior to verbal recall
Polyn SM et al., Science, 2005

31. Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learning

32. Recovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brain
1 month after stroke
CJ Price, J Anat 2000
1 year after stroke
Plasticity: Many levels of scale in both time & space
Fernandez B, Stroke 2004

33. Attention, arousal, awareness
Focused attention & visuospatial attention
Arousal
Coma
Persistent vegetative state
Sleep
Conscious awareness

34. Attention

35. Attention: Trinodal cortical network
Hypothesized from patients & animals with lesions
Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999

36. Attention: Trinodal cortical network
Confirmed with functional neuroimaging (fMRI & PET)
Gitelman DR et al., Ann Neurol 1996;39:174-9
Gitelman DR et al., Brain 1999;122:

37. Attention
Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999

38. State vs channel functions
States
Sleep/arousal
Needs (e.g., hunger)
Mood
Channels

39. The limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant information
LaBar KS, Behavioral Neuroscience 2001

40. Neurotransmitter systems

41. Neurotransmitter systems
Genetic variations in neurotransmitter substrates
Enzymes, receptors, etc (e.g., Weinberger DR)
Pharmacologic fMRI
e.g., dopaminergic modulation of attention
PET imaging of receptors & enzymes

42. Sleep/Anatomy
ARAS & thalamus

43. Sleep/EEG

44. Sleep/EEG

45. Conscious awareness: Default mode
Raichle M, et al.,

46. Conscious awareness: Persistent vegetative state
Owen A, et al., Science, 2006

47. What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain)
Feeling your chair
Squirming (moving)
Watching
Listening
Remembering
Paying attention
Sleeping
Feeling anxious
Feeling hungry
What happens when you ask a question?
Learning