1. PERSONAL VARIATION IN LANGUAGE LEARNING

2. TYPES OF VARIATION STYLESSTRATEGIES PERSONALITY FACTORS

3. LEARNING STYLES

4. Field independence

6. Field dependence and independence -ability to form a complete picture - female feature -sociability, empathy -interaction - ability to see the details even among disturbing factors - increases with age - male feature - independent, competitive, self- confident - analysis, classroom learning, focus on details

7. Types  Left or right brain dominance  Ambiguity tolerance  Reflexivity – impulsivity  Sensual orientation –Visual –Audial –Kinesthetic Please, look it up in your book!

8. LEARNING STRATEGIES

9. Good language learners (Rubin, 1975; Stern, 1975)  take charge of their own learning.  organise info about language.  creative, experimenting.  find opportunities to practice.  live with uncertainty.  use conscious memory strategies for recall.

10.  learn from errors.  rely on their L1 and L3,4… systems.  use contextual cues in comprehension.  make intelligent guesses.  learn chunks and formulas.  learn to keep the conversation going.  learn different styles and vary them according to context.

11. Types Metacognitive - Advance organisers - Selective/directed attention - Self-management - Self-monitoring - Self-evaluation Socioaffective - Cooperation - Clarification Cognitive - Repetition - Resoucring - Translation - Grouping - Note-taking - Imagery - Keyword - Transfer - Inferencing

12. Communication strategies Oxford (1990), Dörnyei (1995) Avoidance - Message abandonment e.g.: - I lost my road. - You lost your road ? - Uh, … I lost. I lost. I got lost. - Topic avoidance

13. Compensation - Circumlocution e.g. „ the thing you open the bottle with” - Approximation e.g. ship for sailboat - All-purpose words e.g. „Could you pass me that thingie ?” - Word coinage e.g. vegetarianist

14. - Prefabriacted patterns e.g. „Could you tell me the way to …?” - Non-linguistic signals - Literal translation e.g. „one-and-a-half room flat” - Foreignizing e.g. „löncsölni”, „Hozd már ki a hoovert a bedroomból !” - Code-switching e.g. „Where is posta ?”

15. PERSONALITY FEATURES

16. The affective domain 1. Receiving-tolerating 2. Responding-committing 3. Valuing 4. Organisation of values 5. Developing an individual value system Schuman (1997-1999): amygdala Learning = emotionally motivated activity

17. Aspects  Self-esteem  Inhibition  Risk-taking  Anxiety  Extroversion  Motivation

18. Self-esteem  „a personal judgement of worthiness” (Coopersmith, 1967)  Types:global situational or specific task-related  MacIntyre, Dörnyei, Clément & Noels (1998): direct + relation to „willingness to communicate”

19. Inhibition  Self-defence mechanism to protect ego  Language ego (Guiora, 1972, Ehrman, 1996)  Guiora et. Al. (1972)- the alcohol test ?? Effect on muscular tension  Guiora et.al. (1980)- the Valium test ?? Significant tester effect

20.  Stevick (1976) alienation between –Critical me and performing me –L1 culture and L2 culture –Self and other learners –Self and teacher  Ehrman (1999): thick and thin egos in SLL tolerance of mistakes

21. Risk-taking  Relation to inhibition and ambiguity tolerance  Moderate risk-taking correlates with language learning success accurate guesses based on skill  Low-risk takers=avoidance  High-risk takers=wild guesses

22. Anxiety  Types (Oxford, 1999) –Trait –State  Language anxiety (MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989) - communication apprehension - fear of negative social evaluation - text anxiety  Debilitative and facilitative anxiety

23. Extroversion  Extroversion - Sociable, talkative - Western ideal - Need to receive ego-enhancement, self-esteen from others  Introversion - Quiet, reserved - Derive a sense of wholeness and fulfillment independent of others - Inner strength

24. Motivation  Types –Integrative –Instrumental –Intrinsic –Extrinsic

25. Measuring personality factors  Problems - accuracy of self-perceptions - self-flattery syndrome - culturally ethnocentric, not transferrable  Solutions - variety of methods and instruments - validating

26.  Myers and Briggs