2. Introduction to “Canadian Criminology” Instructor: Office hours: Tel/e-mail:

3. “when there is crime in society there is no justice” Plato Criminology: Its nature and structure – WHAT IS A…?  Criminal  Crime  Deviant act  Criminologist  victim

4. Setting the stage… Has crime increased? Who commits the most crime? Does capital punishment work? What are the most serious crimes today? Can we control crime?

5. The crime-deviance continuum Figure 1-1 Define consensus vs. conflict crimes Examples of: Social diversions Social deviations Crime as relative and evolutive Importance of frame of reference

6. A call for Canadian Criminology Crime is universal… so! Differences that count Minorities, law enforcement, sentencing, culture, politics, etc. Significant theoretical and practical contributions Review Canadian criminologists in Appendix 4 (also see Appendix 1)

7. “Father of Canadian Criminology” with author

8. The Changing Face of Crime and Criminology Brief history “criminology” and P. Topinard (1879) Initial interest punishment and treatment Secondary evolution of the study of penology Reformers (C. Becarria & J. Bentham)

9. The subject matter of criminology has been “blurred by shifts of both meaning and focus” N. Walker ‘87 1920: Maurice Parmalee’s (sociologist) contribution vs. E. Sutherland See Appendix 2 – variety of criminology/criminal justice journals

10. The Criminological Enterprise Criminal statistics Sociology of law Theory construction Types of criminal behaviour Criminal justice system victimology

11. The Diversity of Criminology Sociology: social structure, social process, to social organization (Ch.7) Psychology: science of individual behaviour (Ch. 6) Biology: chemical, genetic, and/or neurological influences (Ch. 5) Economics: “money the root of all evil”

12. Geography/Environment: crime rates a by-product of physical and environmental factors Political science: the importance of social policy (contrast European and N.A. criminologists)

13. Integrated and Interdisciplinary approach “paradigm shift” from unidiscipline to multi/interdisciplinary perspectives Calls for Integration of social sciences Recognition of the complexity of human behaviour Bridges specific and general aspects of crime

14. “every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do” - Voltaire Criminology requires bridging theory and policy Social and political challenges Policy in the absence of theory is ‘guess work’ BUT… serious ethical issues Punish or treat A crime or deviant act

15. Summary Crime is a global issue Canada has its own unique concerns Criminology burgeoning in Canada Discipline rapidly evolving in a systematic and objective fashion Criminology an applied science that resembles a living organism