1. Let’s start with art

2. Overview of Neo-Classicism $Baroque and Neoclassicism dominated the 17 th century and into the 18 th century of art. $More than just an antique revival  a reaction against the surviving Baroque & Rococo styles. $Linked to contemporary political events: S Revolutions established republics in France and in America. [Neo-Classicism was adapted as the official art style]. S Association with the democracy of Greece and the republicanism of Rome. S Napoleon  used the style for propaganda.

4. 1. Excavations of the Ruins of Italian Cities Herculaneum in 1738. Pompeii in 1748.

5. 2. Publication of Books on Antiquity James Stuart & Nicholas Revert Antiquities in Athens: 1762-1816.

6. 3. Arrival of the Elgin Marbles Thomas Bruce, 7 th Lord of Elgin British Museum, 1806 From the top façade of the Parthenon in Athens.

7. 4. Johann Winckelmann’s Artists Circle German art historian. $Artists should “imitate” the timeless, ideal forms of the classical world. $A circle of international artists gathered about him in the 1760s in Rome.

8. Characteristics of Neo-Classicism $Return to the perceived “purity” of the arts of Rome. $Model the “ideal” of the ancient Greek arts and, to a lesser, extent, 16c Renaissance classicism. $A conviction that there is a permanent, universal way things are (and should be), which obviously entails fundamental political and ethical commitments. $Sometimes considered anti-modern or even reactionary.

10. Robert Adam Scottish architect & designer Syon House 1760s Syon House The Red Salon

11. Claude Nicholas Ledoux $Designed a pavilion in 1771 for the Comtesse du Barry at Louveciennes. $Designed a series of city gates for Paris (1785-1789).

12. Claude Nicholas Ledoux Rotunde de la Villette, Paris

13. John Wood “The Royal Crescent [Circus]” at Bath, England (1754).

14. The “Empire Style”: Charles Percier & Pierre François Léonard Fontaine The “Empire Style”: Charles Percier & Pierre François Léonard Fontaine $Napoleon’s official architects. $They remade Paris in the intimidating opulence of Roman imperial architectural style.

15. Greek-Inspired Architecture Greek-Inspired Architecture Bank of England Rotunda Sir John Soane, 1796 British Museum Portico Sir Robert Smirke, 1823-1847

16. The “Federal Style” in America $1780 – 1820. $Thomas Jefferson’s influence. Monticello, VA University of VA U. S. Capitol

17. The “Greek Revival Style” in America Second Bank of the US Philadelphia, 1824

19. “Parnassus” Anton Raphael Mengs, 1761 Mengs was the leading artist of early Neo-Classicism.

20. “The Oath of Brutus” Gavin Hamilton, 1767 The oath was sworn as a promise of individual revenge against a corrupt monarchy.

21. “The Death of Socrates” Jacques-Louis David, 1787 The death of Socrates was a symbol of republican virtue.

22. “The Oath of the Horatii” Jacques-Louis David, 1784 A depiction of dutiful patriotism.

23. “The Consecration of Napoleon & Josephine” Jacques-Louis David, 1805-1807 A very different theme: The celebration of worldly splendor and power.

24. “The Apotheosis of Homer” Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1827 This assembly of great artists and writers of all ages gathered to honor the ancient Greek poet before a classical temple.

25. “Romulus—Victory over Acron” Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1812 Painted for Napoleon’s palace in Rome.

26. “The Sabine Women” Jean Auguste Ingres, 1799

28. Neo-Classical Sculpture $Profoundly influenced by ancient art since the Renaissance. $Neo-Classical sculptors avoided the dramatic twisting poses and colored marble surfaces characteristic of late Baroque and Rococo sculpture. $They preferred: S Crisp contours. S A noble stillness. S Idealized white marble forms.

29. Antonio Canova “Apollo Crowning Himself,” 1781 “Perseus with the Head of Medusa,” 1804-1806

30. Antonio Canova “Paulina Bonaparte,” 1808 “Hercules”

31. Bertel Thorvaldsen “Jason,” 1803-1823 “Adonis,” 1808-1832

33. FurnitureFurniture $The furniture designs used Greco-Roman motifs. $Became known as style étrusque [“Etruscan style”] in France. $Were favored by the court of Louis XV and later by Napoleon I.

34. Josiah Wedgwood Greek vases found in excavations became models for this new type of ceramics.

35. Neo-Classicism Continued Into the 19c and Beyond…. $By the mid-19s, several European cities were transformed into veritable museums of Neo-Classical architecture. Brandenburg Gate, Berlin Buckingham Palace, London The Gate of Alcala, Madrid

36. American Renaissance” Movement $A Neo-Classical expression in Beaux-Arts architecture. Lincoln Memorial American Museum of Natural History National Gallery of Art

37. The “Sunset” of Neo-Classicism $Sir Edwin Lutyan  a monumental city plan for New Delhi during the British Raj. Rashtrapati Bhavan [President’s House] India Gate Monument

38. GO TO ROCOCO POWER POINT Then come back

39. Music 17 th and 18 th century were formative years for classical music. –Rise of opera, oratorio, the sonata, the concerto and the symphony. –Italians were first on the scene. –Most musicians depended on a patron and Italy and Germany soon became the musical leaders of Europe.

40. Baroque Music Baroque techniques, which dominated Europe from the 1600’s to the 1750’s were mainly perfected by Handel and Bach. Johann Sebastian Bach- music was above all a means to worship God –Mass in B Minor, Saint Matthew’s Passion, the cantatas and motets.

41. Baroque Music Also from Germany, although he wrote over 40 operas and many other secular pieces, he is best known for his religious music. –His Messiah has been called a masterpiece of the highest order. Although Bach and Handel composed many instrumental suites, orchestral music did not become popular until the second half of the 18 th century.

42. Classical Music With the invention of the piano, a new musical period emerged, the Classical Period, represented by Haydn and Mozart. Caused the musical center of Europe to shift from Italy/Germany to the Austrian Empire. Franz Joseph Haydn- Hungarian, wrote two great oratorios The Creation and the Seasons- both dedicated to the common people.

43. Classical Music The concerto, symphony and opera all reached their zenith in the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Italian comic opera- The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni and the Magic Flute are three of the world’s greatest operas.

44. Development of the Novel and History 18 th century was the decisive development of the novel- grew out of medieval romances. English are credited with establishing the modern novel as the chief vehicle for fiction writing. Attractive to women readers and writers. Philosophes were responsible for creating a revolution in the writing of history. Eliminated the role of God in history and focused on the events themselves searching for causal relationship in the natural world. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbons is the best example.

45. High Culture of the 18 th Century High culture vs. popular culture- the literary and artistic world of the educated and wealthy ruling classes. Growth in publishing, including the development of magazines and newspapers for the general public. New schools with broader subject matter began opening, also created mainly for the upper class though. Prior to this era, torture was common in court to gain confessions, public executions were normal –Philosophes were determined to change this aspect of society with a new approach to justice.

46. Cesare Beccaria “On Crime and Punishments” he argued that punishments should serve only as deterrents not exercises in brutality. Opposed capital punishment because it didn’t prevent crime, imprisonment, deprivation of freedom, did prevent crime, so it should be used. –Capital punishment harmed society too, because it set an example of barbarianism. –By the end of the 18 th century, this growing sentiment brought about a decline in torture and executions.

47. Popular Culture Carnival; celebrated in the weeks before lent- a time of great indulgence Taverns and Alcohol- became huge among the poor, 2-5 million gallons drank between 1714-1733 and only declined when laws were passed. Big difference between high culture and popular culture.

48. Religion and Churches Music of the time largely religious, thinking of the time largely non religious, but most Europeans were still Christians. Churches were conservative institutions that upheld traditions of society and the hierarchy of society. Churches were largely state controlled The role of the Pope in politics and state affairs greatly declined. Religious toleration slowly increased, except for the Jews. –Except in Poland, Jews were restricted in their movements, forbidden to hold land, certain jobs and forced to pay special taxes. –Philosophes denounced the treatment of Jews, but nothing really changes.

49. Popular Religion Pietism- a German response to the desire for a deeper personal relationship with God. Utterly opposed anyone who tried to understand God with their mind. Wesley and Methodism- took the gospel to the people, the masses

50. European Population Population began to grow around the 1750’s (120 million 1700- 140 million by 1750) Increases occurred at the same time as lots of Europeans moving to colonies. Most important cause was the death rate (end of the plague, improved diets…)

51. Family, Birth and Marriage Still patriarchal in nature, father dominated wife and children, the collective interests of the family should be put over individual interests. Arranged marriage still prevalent. Lower class- breast fed, upper class, hired people to breast feed because they considered it undignified. Children began dressing in more age appropriate clothes vs. miniature adult clothes. Primogeniture- first son favored came under attack Infanticide was still a solution to too many families in hard times. Married couples moved out of their parent’s homes Marriages occurred later so that people could afford to do this. Illegitimate children increased.

52. Marriage and the Family Working class families still lived by the family economy- where women and children contributed to the work. Same in rural areas, except on the farm. Wives worked as assistants to their husbands, on the farm or as cleaners, laundresses or peddlers to the rich.

53. Agricultural Revolution 18 th century agriculture was characterized by increases in food production which can be attributed to –More farmland –Increased yields per acre –Healthier and more abundant livestock –Improved climate Climate improved across Europe, open field system was abandoned for planting nitrogen rich crops that would replenish the soil. Number of livestock increased, leading to an increase in meat in diet, same with vegetables coming from colonies Jethro Tull discovered the hoe and drill to plant seeds in rows.

54. Methods of Finance Decline of silver and gold in the 17 th century created a shortage of money that undermined governments. The establishment of banks and the use of the paper note made it possible to expand credit (and debt) in the 18 th century.

55. European Industry Textiles, the most important product in the 18 th century Textiles still produced by traditional methods, but in the 18 th century textile industry shifted to the countryside. –Produced by the putting out or domestic system, when the entrepreneur brought the raw materials, mostly wool and flax and put them out to rural workers who spun them into yard and cloth. –Entrepreneurs sold the finished product, made a profit and used it to make more. This would be incapable of keeping up as demand increased in the later years. Richard Arkwright invents the water frame, which turned out cotton much faster than spinning wheels.

57. Social Order- Peasants Medieval societal organization continued into the 18 th century. Social status- determined by hereditary vs. wealth Peasants still 85% of society –Difference between a free peasant and as serf –Free peasants owned little or no land and barely made enough to live off of. Villages- center of peasant’s lives, maintained public order, provided relief for poor, housed the church, school and tax collections.

58. Nobility Only 2-3% of the population- dominated society. Played an important role in government and military affairs. Gap between the rich and the poor was enormous

59. Mid Class- Townies Still a distinct minority of the total population. Wide variety of people and wealth from the oligarchs/patricians, to the non noble office holders, lawyers, bankers to the artisans and then the unskilled workers. Poverty was a big problem in cities and the country.