1. A study of Epidemiology
Microbes and Disease –
A study of Epidemiology

2. The six major methods of transmission: F.6.1
1. Direct Contact – Norwalk Virus
2. Cuts/Injuries to the skin – Clostridium tetani
3. Water Droplets - Influenza
4. Contaminated Food or Water - Clostridium botulinum
5. Insects acting as vectors - Malaria
6. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Chlamydia trachomatis

3. F.6.2 Big Question: What happens once inside the body?
Two major ways an infection can manifest
Intracellular Infection
Extracellular Infection
Pathogen rests inside of the cells in the body
e.g. Chlamydia trachomatis
Hard to recognize by immune system
No major symptoms
No toxins produced - and so they often to not damage cells immediately around them, but will cause chronic problems
Pathogen rests outside of the cells of the body
e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Easy to recognize by immune system
Major, specific symtoms
Toxins produced, causing immediate damage to the cells around the pathogen
Time Lapse of chlamydia infection

4. F.6.3 Endotoxins vs. Exotoxins
Exotoxins are nasty toxins that cause some of the symptoms you are familiar with.
Some examples of diseases caused by exotoxins are:
Botulism
Tetanus
Cholera
Anthrax
Pertussis
Diphtheria
Dysentery
Endotoxins cause (generally) a milder response of general fever and achy feelings.
Examples include:
Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Pseudomonas
Neisseria
Haemophilus influenzae
A few of these bacteria emit BOTH types of toxins. Research the above types and discover which ones!

5. F.6.4 Irradiation Antiseptics Disinfectants Pasteurization
Evaluating methods of control.
F.6.4
Pasteurization
Which of these would you trust in your food?
Irradiation
Antiseptics
Disinfectants

6. Design an Experiment
You should design an experiment through which you can evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial methods:
Disinfectants vs. Antiseptics
You can do this in groups, and you have access to Petri dishes, lab glassware, rubbing alcohol, hand soap, and any other cleaning products you would like to use.
The experiment setup should be
Completed by the end of class
On Friday.

7. F.6.5 F.6.4 The life of a virus - Influenzae
The “life cycle” is a somewhat ambiguous term, considering viruses are not necessarily “alive.”
F.6.5
For this reason, we use the term “Lytic Cycle” to describe what a virus goes through in the hijacking of a cell.
Outline where in this process the different types of antibiotics would impact the bacterium. Three mechanisms: Cell Wall synthesis, Replication, Transcription/Translation
F.6.4

8. F.6.7, 8 Epidemiology Propaganda Posters
You and a group must research one of the five greatest pandemics in human history:
The Black Plague
The Spanish Flu
The Plague of Justinian
The Antonine Plague
HIV/AIDS (1980)
Your goal is to inform the citizens of that time period of the dangers of the plague, based on your research. You intend to travel back in time to disperse these posters, and hopefully mitigate these pandemics as best you can.
You should address the following in at least two well designed, charismatic posters: The origin
The transmission
The methods of control
Have fun with this – use language and dialect of the time as much as is appropriate.
F.6.7, 8

9. Malaria rates across the world
Life cycle of the Malaria plasmodium.
The life cycle of the malaria parasite is a two-fold process, that requires the use of a mosquito for in order for full maturation to develop.
Once matured – sporozoites are able to infect hepatocytes and infect humans.
F.6.9
Malaria rates across the world

10. F.6.10 The Prion Hypothesis 1982 Recent Years 1950s
Scrapie – a spongiform encephalopathy found in sheep
Pygmies - Kuru
1920s
1986
All because of this guy…
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Mad- Cow Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy