1. Themes for today: Tolerance and intolerance Conflict and collaboration

2. Late 7th/early 8th c. Muslim conquest of North Africa Berbers 711-16 Muslim conquest of Iberia Visigoths Map Link: The Muslim Conquests: <http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gzetlian/images/maps/http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gzetlian/images/maps/ muslimconquestsmap.gifmuslimconquestsmap.gif>

3. 756-1031 Umayyad state at Cordoba 929 ‘Abd al-Rahman III (r. 912-61) takes title of caliph Map Link: Spain, 910-1492: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/ shepherd-c-082-083.jpgshepherd-c-082-083.jpg>

4. 1085 Christians take Toledo al-murabitun (Almoravids) c. 1090-c. 1140 Almoravid Empire c. 1140-1275 Caliphate of al-muwahhidun (the Almohads) 1212 Christian Victory at Las Navas de Tolosa

5. 1228 Nasrids establish selves at Granada Marinids (r. 1268-1465) of Morocco Alhambra Palace (bt. 1333-91) al-hamra’ = “the red” Palace of the Lions (bt. 1362-91)

6. 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon (1452-1516) and Isabella of Castile (1457-1504) 1479 Ferdinand and Isabella become king and queen of united Aragon-Castile 1492 Abu ‘Abd Allah (Boabdil) surrenders Granada

7. mudejars (mudajjan = “permitted to remain” /“put to use”) The Alcazar, built by King Pedro the Cruel of Castile (r. 1350-69) in 1360-64 1478 Creation of Spanish Inquisition

8. Conversos (Jewish converts to Christianity) 1492 Expulsion of Jews from Iberia Moriscos (Muslim converts to Christianity) 1568-70 Morisco rebellion in Iberia 1609-14 Expulsion of Moriscos from Iberia

9. 15th-16th c. Portuguese and Spanish try to take control of N. African coast Pirates employed by Muslim rulers = corsairs Late 16th c. Ottomans take control of most of N. African coast, employing corsairs 16th-18th c. Corsairs pose ongoing threat to European shipping Christian renegades – prospects for advancement

10. Potential importance of religion… …when people choose to make it so…