1. AMPHIBIANS I. Adaptations necessary for survival on land

2. A.Fins to Limbs --------->

3. B. Scales toThin, moist skin --------->

4. C. Gills toLungs -----> Path of respiration: Mouth -> Glottis -> Larynx -> Lungs

5. 1. Uncovered eyestoEyelids -glands for cleaning -tear ducts ------> D. Sense organs that function in air and water:

6. 2.Nose connected by nasal passages to mouth to mouth

7. 3. Eardrum and sound transmitting bones formed: formed:

8. E.Sticky protrusible tongue for catching prey: prey:

9. F. Circulatory system with double circulation: 2-chambered heart with single path of to circulation. 3-chambered heart with double circulation ----> Path of Circulation: Right atrium -> Ventricle -> Lungs ->Left atrium -> Ventricle -> Body ->Right atrium, etc.

10. Water organisms Land organisms must have toxic ammonia to have less toxic waste waste with high water of urea with lower content. water content. G. Development of less toxic waste: Path of urine through excretory system: Kidneys -> Ureters -> Bladder -> Cloaca -> Anus

11. H. Despite many adaptations to life on land, Amphibians are limited by: Amphibians are limited by: 1. Cutaneous (skin) respiration 1. Cutaneous (skin) respiration 2. Inability to produce concentrated 2. Inability to produce concentrated urine. (lose too much water through excretion) 3. Eggs that can easily dry out 3. Eggs that can easily dry out

12. Reproduction: Males grasp females in amplexus. Females lay eggs and as they are passing from her body, the male releases sperm onto eggs. Male system: Testes -> Vas eferens -> Cloaca Female system: Ovaries -> Oviduct -> Cloaca

13. II. Three orders of Amphibians: of Amphibians:

14. A. Gymnophiona - caecilians (legless amphibians)

15. B. Caudata - (have tail) salamanders and newts

16. C. Anura - (tail-less) frogs and toads

17. Phylobates terribilis Dendrobates azureus Dendrobates fantasticus Epipidobates tricolor

18. Dendrobates pumilio- Blue jeans poison dart frog

19. Surinam toad – Pipa pipa

20. Rheobatrachus silus – gastric brooding frog

21. Conraua goliath Nyctribatrachus minimus - Indian night frog

22. Bufo americanus Rana pipiens – Northern leopard frog Rana draytonii – California red leg Rana baylii – foothill yellow leg