1. Company Logo Add Your Company Slogan On the highway measures of driver glance behavior with an example automobile navigation system Dean P. Chiang*, Aaron M. Brooks, David H. Weir Applied Ergonomics 35 (2004) 215–223 學生. 莊靖玟

2. Company Logo Introduction  These additional attentional workloads without affecting primary task performance unduly.  The secondary workload can become sufficiently high that it begins to affect primary task performance.  Of particular interest is the task of navigation system destination entry.

3. Company Logo Method Participants  Ten drivers participated in the evaluation.  Nine of the drivers were novice users of the navigation system and 1 had used it previously.  The driver sample included 5 males and 5 females.  Their average age was 33.  Their average mileage per year was 13,400 (21,500 km).

4. Company Logo Method Apparatus  The example vehicle was a 2000 Acura 3.2 RL equipped with the Acura Navigation System.  The vehicle instrumentation consisted of video cameras and recording, and driver control and vehicle response sensors.  Four cameras were mounted on: ＊ the side mirrors and angled down ＊ top of the instrument panel ＊ between the driver and passenger seats

5. Company Logo Method Apparatus

6. Company Logo Procedure for destination entry

7. Company Logo Procedure for destination entry

8. Company Logo Procedure for destination entry

9. Company Logo Procedure for destination entry

10. Company Logo Procedure for destination entry

11. Company Logo Procedure for destination entry

12. Company Logo Experimental procedure  Their primary task was to maintain the vehicle speed, maintain a safe following distance, and keep the vehicle in the lane.  The drivers first did 3 practice trials with the vehicle parked.  Then the drivers did 3 evaluation trials on the city streets.  They were directed to the freeway.

13. Company Logo Results  The following definitions adapted from SAE, 1999 are used with the glance behavior data: ＊ Target—the forward road scene, the navigation system display, or other. ＊ Fixation time—the duration of a fixation at 1 target. It does not include the transition time to or from the target. ＊ Glance duration—fixation time plus the transition to the target, the glance time. ＊ Total fixation time—the sum of the individual fixation times on 1 target for a destination entry.

14. Company Logo Results ＊ Total glance time (TGT)—the sum of the individual glance times on 1 target. ＊ Total task time (TTT)—the elapsed time between when a driver first looks away from the road until he or she finally looks back after the last fixation for 1 destination entry. ＊ Transition—a change in eye fixation location from 1 target to another. ＊ Entry chunk—1 or more entry keystrokes, or other entry actions, made during one fixation on the display.

15. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

16. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

17. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

18. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

19. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

20. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

21. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

22. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

23. Company Logo Results Glance behavior results

24. Company Logo Results Driving performance results

25. Company Logo Results Subjective rating results

26. Company Logo Results Subjective rating results

27. Company Logo Discussion  The drivers were able to accomplish the destination entry tasks with acceptably short glance durations, acceptable total task times, and with satisfactory subjective ratings for ease of entry.  The glance durations and eyes off road time behavior used by the drivers were within previously suggested rules of thumb for safe operation. (e.g., Green, 1999; Tijerina, 1999, 2000; Farber, 2000; Greenberg;2000; Zwahlen, 1988),