1. Presentation Pro © 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Magruder’s American Government Unit 1 Origins of American Government Chapters 1 & 2

2. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 I. Government A. An institution through which society makes and enforces its public policies. II. Characteristics of a state (nation-state) A. population B. territory C. government D. sovereignty- complete control over one’s self

3. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 III. Origins of the state A. Force Theory B. Evolutionary Theory C. Divine Right Theory 1. God gave people the power to rule. 2. rulers had absolute power. 3. power to rule passed on by birth. D. Social Contract Theory 1. developed during the Enlightenment 2. ideas of Hobbes, Locke, & Rousseau

4. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 E. Locke’s Second Treatise on Government 1. put forth social contract theory 2. natural rights/law 3. people give up freedoms for protection 4. people are source of all power 5. governments serve the people

5. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 IV. Purpose of the government A. Preamble outlines the purpose of our government B. perfect union, establish justice, domestic tranquility, defense, general welfare, & secure the blessings of liberty

6. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 V. Forms of government A. Who can participate 1. Democracy a. Ancient Greece- first democracy b. power rests with the people c. Representative democracy/Republic- people chose others to make policies on their behalf (elected representatives) d. Ancient Rome- first republic 2. Dictatorship a. power rests with the rulers

7. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 B. Geographic distribution of power 1. Unitary- national gov’t. holds all power. 2. Confederation- weak central government, and strong state gov’t. 1. most power resides with the states 3. Federal- powers are divided or shared between national and local governments.

8. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 C. Relationship between branches of government 1. presidential- legislative and executive branches are separate from one another. a. the executive is chosen by the voters. 2. parliamentary-the executive is the prime minister. a. the prime minister is chosen from the legislative branch by the leading party. b. prime minister remains in control as long as they have the confidence of parliament c. eliminates deadlocks between legislative and executive because they are from the same party.

9. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 VI. Our political beginnings A. Concepts of government 1. limited government- Magna Carta 2. representative government a. Ancient Rome- first republic 3. Bill of Rights- English Bill of Rights

10. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Important English Documents The way our government works today can be traced to important documents in history: Chapter 2, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555

11. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 B. Examples of self-government 1. Mayflower Compact-governing document written by Pilgrims. 2. House of Burgesses- first assembly of elected representatives in the colonies 3. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- first written constitution in western tradition. 4. New England Town Meetings- direct democratic rule. Members of the town came together to make policies.

12. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 C. Coming of Independence 1. Albany Plan of Union- plan to have representative body in the colonies. 2. Second Continental Congress a. elected representatives from the different colonies. b. wrote Declaration of Independence c. wrote Articles of Confederation

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14. 123 4 5 D. Declaration of Independence 1. Thomas Jefferson was the main author. 2. five person committee- Franklin, J. Adams, Livingston, Sherman 3. our nations' founding document. 4. used ideas of John Locke.

15. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 VII. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation A. first set of written laws B. Feared a strong national government D. created weak national government, but strong state governments E. Each state had one vote regardless of size. F. Congress did not have the power to tax. G. Congress could not regulate foreign or interstate trade H. no executive branch. I. no judicial branch. J. Could only amend with approval of all states. K. Needed 9/13 majority to pass laws.

16. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 XIII. Need for a stronger government A. Economic/Political problems B. Shay’s Rebellion-made people realize we needed a stronger national government C. Annapolis Convention- meeting of 7 states to discuss problems. IX. Philadelphia Convention A. Purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation B. 12/13 states met. C. Known as the Constitutional Convention.

17. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Constitutional Convention X. Virginia Plan A. proposed by James Madison B. called three branches of government C. bicameral congress D. proportional representation E. a single executive Chapter 2, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555

18. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Constitutional Convention XI. New Jersey Plan A. unicameral congress B. equal representation C. more than one executive D. favored by small states

19. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Constitutional Convention XII. Compromises A. Great Compromise 1. also known as Connecticut Compromise 2. called for bicameral legislature 3. one house- equal representation 4. other house- proportional representation

20. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 B. three-fifths compromise 1. settled issue of how slaves would be counted 2. each slave would count as three-fifths of a person towards a state’s population (5 slaves= 3 people) C. other compromises 1. the slave trade would end in 1808 2. no taxes on exports

21. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Constitutional Convention XIII. Why a bicameral congress a. settled differences between Virginia and New Jersey Plans b. it was part of our tradition c. so one house could act as a check on the other

22. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Ratification of the Constitution XIV. Ratification process A. nine states were needed for ratification. B. Federalist- supported ratification. C. Anti-federalist- against ratification. 1. thought national government given too much power. 2. there was no bill of rights

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24. 123 4 5 XV. Federalist Papers A. written to gain support for Constitution. B. Federalist number 10- said factions could be controlled by a large republic. XVI. Bill of Rights A. first 10 amendments to the Constitution. B. added to Constitution to address concerns of Anti-federalists. C. protects basic rights of people. D. example of limited government.

25. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 XVII. The new Constitution A. went into effect 1789. B. included enlightenment concepts. 1. limited government 2. consent of the governed 3. separation of powers. 4. checks and balances 5. sovereignty of the people 6. republic/democracy

26. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Constitution is Ratified Chapter 2, Section 5 3333 4444 1111 2222