1. Location Management

2. The trends in telecom are proceeding with a strong tendency towards increasing need of mobility in access links within the network. The Traffic generated by each wireless user is constantly growing, on one hand – cellular users use their mobiles more often than they used to and due to the arrival of capacity-greedy services This all pushes the need for higher capacity per call.

3. For all these considerations, it is easy to predict that the generalized mobility features will have serious impacts on future telecom networks. Mobility can be categorized into two areas: Radio Mobility Network Mobility We will focus on “Location Management”

4. Location management schemes are essentially based on users mobility and incoming call rate characteristics. The network mobility process has to face strong hostility between its two basic procedures: Location and Paging. The Location procedure allows the system to keep track of the users location knowledge more or less accurately in order to find him, in case of incoming call. The Paging process achieved by the system consists of sending paging messages in all cells where the mobile terminal could be located.

5. Presently the location method most widely implemented in First-and-Second generation cellular systems makes use of Location Areas In these Wide-Area radio networks, location management is done automatically.

6. Several location updating methods can be implemented based on LA structuring. Periodic Location Updating- This method is simplest because it just requires the mobile to periodically transmit its identity to the network. Its drawbacks is its resource consumption, which is user-dependent and can be unnecessary if the user does not move from an LA for several hours. Generally, this method is combined with the next one.

7. Several location updating methods can be implemented based on LA structuring. Location Updating on LA Crossing This method first requires each BS to periodically broadcast the identity of its LA. Second, the mobile is required to permanently listen to network broadcast information and to store the current LA identity. If the received LA number differs from the stored one, a Location Update procedure is automatically triggered by the mobile………….

8. Several location updating methods can be implemented based on LA structuring. Location Updating on LA Crossing …………. Advantage of this method is that it only requires LU’s when the mobile actually moves. A highly mobile user will generate a lot of LUs and a low will trigger a few. A hybrid method which combines the two previous ones can be implemented. In this a mobile generates its LU each time it detects an LA crossing. Nevertheless, if no communication has occurred between mobile and network for a fixed period. The mobile generates a LU, this allows LU in case of database failure

9. The GSM defines a database structure based on: An HLR Several VLRs Each VLR stores part of the data regarding the users located in its related LAs. The location management method defined in GSM combines the periodic LU method and the LU on LA border crossing. The VLR stores the LA identifier, and the HLR stores the VLR identifier.

10. The GSM defines a database structure based on: An HLR Several VLRs …….This consists of THREE types of LU procedures. Intra-VLR LU Inter-VLR LU using TMSI Inter-VLR LU using IMSI

11. The most complete LU, which is the Inter-VLR LU using IMSI, this procedure mainly consists of the following steps: A signally channel is allocated to MS, and an LU is requested The MS provides the network with its IMSI, which allows new VLR to load the authentication data from the HLR/AUC. The VLR is then able to authenticate the MS; if this step succeeds, its updates the location at HLR. The HLR informs the old VLR1 to remove data stored. Ciphering may be required if available A new TMSI is allocated to the MS, and after acknowledgement of its LU request the channel is released

12. Limits of present Location Management Methods The LA-based location management methods are most adapted and widely used in current cellular GSM, in truck systems such as trans-European truck radio, in cordless systems like DECT, Personal Access Communication Systems. Nevertheless, the traffic and processing generated may lead to congestion problems in high-density system. One of the main concern for system designers is therefore to define methods allowing the system to reduce the overhead traffic as much as possible.