1. Physical Chemistry I (TKK-2246) 14/15 Semester 2 Instructor: Rama Oktavian Email: rama.oktavian86@gmail.com Office Hr.: M – F.13-15

2. Outlines 1. Review (phase equilibrium) 2. Phase equilibrium (2-comp) 3. p-x diagram 4. T-x diagram

3. Review Phase diagram

4. Review Phase diagram

5. Review Clausius-Clayperon eq.

6. Review Clausius-Clayperon eq.

7. Ideal solution Solution Solution - homogeneous mixture of chemical species One phase

8. Ideal solution Expression of solution composition There are mainly four expressions of the concentration of solute B as following: 1. Mole fractionMole fraction 2. Mass mole concentrationMass mole concentration 3. Amount-of-substance concentrationAmount-of-substance concentration 4. Mass fractionMass fraction

9. Ideal solution Mole fraction mole fraction The compare of mole of solute B and the total mole of the solution is called mole fraction of solute B, it is also called mole fraction, it has no unit.

10. Ideal solution Mass mole concentration molality The compare of the mole of solute B and the quantity of solvent A is called mass mole concentration of solute B, its unit is mol.kg-1

11. Ideal solution Amount-of-substance concentration molarity The compare of the mole of the solute B and the solution volume V is called the mole concentration of solute B, or it is called concentration of solute B, its unit is mol.m -3, but its unit in common use is mol.dm -3

12. Ideal solution Mass fraction mass fraction The compare of the mass of solute B and the total mass of solution is called the mass fraction of solute B

13. Ideal solution

15. Solution Vapor pressure of pure substance Only solvent is volatile

16. Ideal solution Solution Raoult’s law

17. Ideal solution Raoult’s law under the fixed temperature, in the dilute solution, the vapor pressure of the solvent p*A is equal to the value vapor pressure of pure solvent multiplies the mole fraction X A of the solvent.

18. Ideal solution Solution Non-ideal solutionIdeal solution

19. Solution Consider a solution composed of several volatile substances the total pressure the ideal solution is defined by the requirement that each component obey Raoult's law Solution Ideality => Uniformity in Intermolecular forces. (Binary: A-A, B-B, A-B all the same) Typically, molecules are similar in size and shape Examples: benzene & toluene, hexane and heptane

20. Ideal solution Solution

21. Ideal solution Solution General characters of mixing solution:

22. Binary solution Binary Solution Solution contains two components For ideal binary solution the total pressure over the solution is p

23. Binary solution Binary Solution

24. Binary solution Binary Solution

25. Binary solution Binary Solution

26. Binary solution Binary Solution Gaseous phase Partial pressure of component 1

27. Binary solution Binary Solution Gibbs phase rule for two components F = C – P + 2 C = 2 F = 4 - P

28. Binary solution Binary Solution F = 4 - P P = 2F = 2

29. Binary solution Deviations from Raoult’s Law CS 2 and dimethoxymethane: Positive deviation from ideal (Raoult’s Law) behavior. trichloromethane/acetone: Negative deviation from ideal (Raoult’s Law) behavior.

30. Ideal solution

31. Binary solution Changes in state as the pressure is reduced isothermally P-x,y diagram

32. Binary solution Lever rule To determine the number of vapor and liquid at equilibrium condition

33. Binary solution Lever rule

34. Binary solution Lever rule

35. Binary solution Example problem

36. Binary solution Example problem

37. Binary solution T-x diagram

38. Binary solution Azeotropes

39. Solution Colligative properties is the chemical potential of the solvent in the solution For an ideal-dilute solution

40. Solution Freezing point depression

41. Solution Freezing point depression If solution is very dilute