1. Cultural Globalization

2. Cultural Globalization
What is Culture?
Social construction
The arts
Commoditized output of the culture industries (Film, TV, Music)
Expressions of everyday life
Religion
Ethnicity
Nationalism
Language
Other forms of Identity

3. Cultural Globalization
Definition:
An economic phenomenon?
A social phenomenon?
A cultural phenomenon?
The movement towards the expansion of economic and social ties between countries through the spread of corporate institutions and the capitalist philosophy that leads to the shrinking of the world in economic terms.

4. Globalisation
Globalization involves all these things!

5. National Cultures Task undertaken by diverse institutions
Official language
National schooling system
Postal service and Communications structures (NBC, ABC etc.) National press
Standing army
Suppression or eradication of competing identities and peripheral nationalisms
Key factors
Memories/histories/myths
Role of land/landscapes/places:
Monuments
National Parks
sites of battle

6. Cultural Globalization/Global Culture Markets
Technologically driven
Economic liberalization driven: mergers and acquisitions, deregulation, free trade barriers reduced  concentration of ownership
Dominated by US, but Japanese, UK, and others are present (see chart)

7. Global Media Radio and the music industry
Political instrument: Voice of America, Radio Venceremos
Instrument of Localism
Major source of communication in developing countries for community/political/entertainment
Music is highly compatible with globalization: no need for translation
Musical diaspora: religious, African, American
Modern forms are more mixed: Orquesta de Luz, El Vez, World Music

8. Cinema and Television US Dominates Film
Increasing growth of new film industries
Television: more recent, higher level of individual capital investment
Public quality initially, now Satellite and Cable have changed control to private.

9. Tourism Issues: 1950: 25.3 million tourists/$2 Billion
Expanding Awareness
Cultural Survival
Tourism as an economic generator
1950: 25.3 million tourists/$2 Billion
1995: 561 million tourists/$380 Billion
International Tourists:
Country % of Tourists
Europe 53%,
Americas 17%
Asia (Japan, Taiwan, Korea) 17%
Africa 2.5%
Middle East 1.2%
South Asia .6%

10. Corporate Expansion
Multi-national or trans-national corporations (MNCs or TNCs) – businesses with a headquarters in one country but with business operations in a number of others.
No matter where you go in the world, certain businesses will always have a presence.

11. Corporate Expansion Characteristics: Expanding revenue Lowering costs
Sourcing raw materials
Controlling key supplies
Control of processing
Global economies of scale
                                                                                                                                                  
Controlling supplies may be one reason for global expansion.

12. Corporate Domination Key Issues: Damage to the environment?
Exploitation of labour?
Monopoly power
Economic degradation
Non-renewable resources
Damage to cultures
Shell and Nike’s activities have come under severe criticism in some quarters.

13. Other Issues: Accountability of Global businesses?
Increased gap between rich and poor fuels potential terrorist reaction
Ethical responsibility of business?
Efforts to remove trade barriers
There are plenty of people who believe that globalisation is a negative development, protests at the G8 summits, pollution, poverty and concern over GM crops are just some of the issues.

14. Ethnic Conflict
In a globalizing world of standardization, people cling even more fiercely to whatever local customs impart distinctiveness, in some cases pushing the primacy of these differences to the brink of conflict
Ethnicity is defined as a shared awareness of perceived ancestral differences as a basis for reward, recognition or relationships
A commitment to ethnicity allows an escape from feelings or irrelevance, powerlessness, alienation and impersonality
Ethnically-bases nationalism: has been singled out as major contributors to international conflicts as well as a threat to societal integrity
State-based (civic) nationalism: seek cultural uniformity
Ethnic (cultural) nationalism: endorses cultural uniqueness, to the detriment of social cohesion