1. Chapter 4 Loops Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 1

2. while Loop Flow Chart 2 while (loop-continuation-condition) { // loop-body; Statement(s); } int count = 0; while (count < 100) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; }

3. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop 3 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Initialize count animation

4. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 4 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } (count < 2) is true animation

5. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 5 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Print Welcome to Java animation

6. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 6 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Increase count by 1 count is 1 now animation

7. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 7 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } (count < 2) is still true since count is 1 animation

8. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 8 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Print Welcome to Java animation

9. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 9 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } Increase count by 1 count is 2 now animation

10. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop, cont. 10 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } (count < 2) is false since count is 2 now animation

11. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace while Loop 11 int count = 0; while (count < 2) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); count++; } The loop exits. Execute the next statement after the loop. animation

12. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Problem: Guessing Numbers Write a program that randomly generates an integer between 0 and 100, inclusive. The program prompts the user to enter a number continuously until the number matches the randomly generated number. For each user input, the program tells the user whether the input is too low or too high, so the user can choose the next input intelligently. Here is a sample run: 12 GuessNumberOneTime GuessNumber

13. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Problem: An Advanced Math Learning Tool The Math subtraction learning tool program generates just one question for each run. You can use a loop to generate questions repeatedly. This example gives a program that generates five questions and reports the number of the correct answers after a student answers all five questions. 13 SubtractionQuizLoop

14. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Ending a Loop with a Sentinel Value Often the number of times a loop is executed is not predetermined. You may use an input value to signify the end of the loop. Such a value is known as a sentinel value. Write a program that reads and calculates the sum of an unspecified number of integers. The input 0 signifies the end of the input. 14 SentinelValue

15. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Caution Don’t use floating-point values for equality checking in a loop control. Since floating-point values are approximations, using them could result in imprecise counter values and inaccurate results. This example uses int value for data. If a floating- point type value is used for data, (data != 0) may be true even though data is 0. // data should be zero double data = Math.pow(Math.sqrt(2), 2) - 2; if (data == 0) System.out.println("data is zero"); else System.out.println("data is not zero"); 15

16. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 do-while Loop 16 do { // Loop body; Statement(s); } while (loop-continuation-condition);

17. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 for Loops for (initial-action; loop- continuation-condition; action-after-each-iteration) { // loop body; Statement(s); } 17 int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); }

18. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop 18 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); } Declare i animation

19. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 19 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); } Execute initializer i is now 0 animation

20. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 20 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println( "Welcome to Java!"); } (i < 2) is true since i is 0 animation

21. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 21 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Print Welcome to Java animation

22. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 22 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Execute adjustment statement i now is 1 animation

23. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 23 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } (i < 2) is still true since i is 1 animation

24. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 24 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Print Welcome to Java animation

25. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 25 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Execute adjustment statement i now is 2 animation

26. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 26 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } (i < 2) is false since i is 2 animation

27. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Trace for Loop, cont. 27 int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); } Exit the loop. Execute the next statement after the loop animation

28. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Note 28 The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma-separated expressions. The action-after-each- iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma- separated statements. Therefore, the following two for loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice, however. for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++)); for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) { // Do something }

29. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Note 29 If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted, it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a), which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:

30. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Caution Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below: 30 Logic Error for (int i=0; i<10; i++); { System.out.println("i is " + i); }

31. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Caution, cont. Similarly, the following loop is also wrong: int i=0; while (i < 10); { System.out.println("i is " + i); i++; } In the case of the do loop, the following semicolon is needed to end the loop. int i=0; do { System.out.println("i is " + i); i++; } while (i<10); 31 Logic Error Correct

32. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Which Loop to Use? 32 The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of these three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following figure can always be converted into the following for loop in (b): A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the following while loop in (b) except in certain special cases (see Review Question 3.19 for one of them):

33. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Recommendations 33 Which kind of loop to use? the one that is most intuitive and comfortable for you In general, use a  for loop if the number of repetitions is known  while loop if the number of repetitions is not known  do-while loop if the loop body has to be executed before testing the continuation condition.

34. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Nested Loops Problem: Write a program that uses nested for loops to print a multiplication table. 34 MultiplicationTable

35. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Problem: Finding the Greatest Common Divisor 35 Problem: Write a program that prompts the user to enter two positive integers and finds their greatest common divisor. Solution: Suppose you enter two integers 4 and 2, their greatest common divisor is 2. Suppose you enter two integers 16 and 24, their greatest common divisor is 8. So, how do you find the greatest common divisor? Let the two input integers be n1 and n2. You know number 1 is a common divisor, but it may not be the greatest commons divisor. So you can check whether k (for k = 2, 3, 4, and so on) is a common divisor for n1 and n2, until k is greater than n1 or n2. GreatestCommonDivisorRun

36. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Problem: Displaying a Pyramid of Numbers 36 Problem: Write a program that prompts the user to enter an integer from 1 to 15 and displays a pyramid. For example, if the input integer is 12, the output is shown below. PrintPyramidRun

37. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Break and Continue Break ▫abruptly terminates compound statement Continue ▫completes current iteration of loop 37

38. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Using break and continue 38 Examples for using the break and continue keywords: F TestBreak.java F TestContinue.java TestBreak TestContinue

39. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Labeled Break and Continue Any statement can bear a label [StatementLabel :] Statement Labeled break or continue break [StatementLabel]; continue [StatementLabel]; Can end an outer loop or selection Can be used instead of goto 39

40. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Labeled Break and Continue outer: while (cond1) { inner: while (cond2) { //… break outer; //… } 40

41. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 Problem: Displaying Prime Numbers 41 Problem: Write a program that displays the first 50 prime numbers in five lines, each of which contains 10 numbers. An integer greater than 1 is prime if its only positive divisor is 1 or itself. For example, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are prime numbers, but 4, 6, 8, and 9 are not. Solution: The problem can be broken into the following tasks: For number = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,..., test whether the number is prime. Determine whether a given number is prime. Count the prime numbers. Print each prime number, and print 10 numbers per line. PrimeNumberRun

42. Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 (GUI) Controlling a Loop with a Confirmation Dialog 42 A sentinel-controlled loop can be implemented using a confirmation dialog. The answers Yes or No to continue or terminate the loop. The template of the loop may look as follows: int option = 0; while (option == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION) { System.out.println("continue loop"); option = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(null, "Continue?"); } SentinelValueUsingConfirmationDialogRun