1. Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Global area planted with GM crops http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html Today: more Biotech Th 10/23 Exam #2

2. Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid RT and/or PCR Fig 18.1

3. How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence? DNA sequencing

4. The structure of 2 ’,3 ’ -dideoxynucleotides Fig 18.14

5. Fig 18.15 The dideoxy sequencing method

6. Fig 18.15 The dideoxy sequencing method

7. Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method

8. Fig 18.16 Computerized sequencers use a similar method

9. Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid RT and/or PCR Fig 18.1

10. …now enjoy making Frakencritters.

11. What is the largest scale experiment that is being currently performed?

12. Genetically Modified Organisms

13. Human resource production and use Worldwide Grain Production per Person http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

14. World Grain Stocks as Days of Consumption http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

15. ~60 percent of the world grain harvest is consumed as food, ~36 percent as feed, and ~3 percent as fuel. While the use of grain for food and feed grows by roughly 1 percent per year, that used for fuel is growing by over 20 percent per year. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

16. Wheat prices Corn prices late 1999 - Dec 2007

17. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

18. Increasing oil prices drive up potential profit, and cost of food crops Cost of oil----Profitable cost of corn for ethanol $50 ---- $4/bushel $100 ---- $7/bushel $140 ---- $10/bushel Summer 2008 corn price: ~$8/bushel Current October 2008 corn price: ~$5/bushel http://www.farmdoc.uiuc.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo07_11/fefo07_11.html http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

19. Whereas previous dramatic rises in world grain prices were weather-induced, this one is policy-induced and can be dealt with by policy adjustments. If the entire U.S. grain harvest were converted into ethanol, it would satisfy scarcely 18 percent of our automotive fuel needs. http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2008/Update69.htm

20. Land use in USA, 1997

21. Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial Artificial Selection (breeding)

22. Modern cows were bred from earlier bovine species.

23. from TeosinteMaize By artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.

25. Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial selection.

26. Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds Artificial selection Number of Individuals Size of buds (cm) 0123 1. Select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 3. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 4. After several generations, bud size increases dramatically.

27. Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial increased technology and understanding of molecular biology

28. Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA Fig 18.1

29. Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Global area planted with GM crops http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

31. Why Change a Plant’s DNA? Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics –Produce needed protein –Insect resistance (Bt toxin) –Herbicide resistance (Round-up) –Drought or other stress resistance Tbl 19.5

32. % of Total US Acres Common GM Crops in the U.S. http://blog.wired.com/wiredscien ce/2007/09/mon santo-is- hap.html

33. Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance Types of Genetically Modified Crops

34. % of Total US Acres Common GM Crops in the U.S. http://blog.wired.com/wiredscien ce/2007/09/mon santo-is- hap.html

35. Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Is changing an organsisms DNA a good idea? http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html

36. Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea? Genes flow within species and between species. Are GM foods safe for the environment? Are GM foods profitable for: –Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

37. AAL 25.17 Pollution in Gulf of Mexico from run-off in the Mississippi river

38. Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.

39. GM crops illegal GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states Genetic information moves.

40. GM crops illegal GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating.

41. Many Questions, but Few Answers? Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? Are GM foods safe for the environment? Are GM foods profitable for: –Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

42. Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance Types of Genetically Modified Crops

43. Patents give 20 year monopoly for inventor www.uspto.gov

44. Three types of U.S. patents: 1) Utility patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof; 2) Design patents may be granted to anyone who invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture; and 3) Plant patents may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers and asexually reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant. www.uspto.gov

45. Examples of current patents: Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

46. Examples of current patents: Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory

47. Examples of current patents: Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammator GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk of various diseases

48. Examples of current patents: Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva for use as anti-inflammatory GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding human DNA for detecting risk af various diseases Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

49. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree

50. Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of other ailments. Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem tree One was rejected due to previous use in indigenous Indian culture

51. Concerns of developing nations vs. industrialized countries Bioprospecting

52. Lack of research on third world problems. (tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery… Not profitable. Bioprospecting

53. Where does the information about genetically modified foods come from?

54. Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Global area planted with GM crops http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html Next class: Th 10/23 Exam #2 (bring cheat sheet)