1. Are You Positive that You Are Negative?
HIV/STI Testing
Are You Positive
that You Are Negative?

2. More than half of all Americans get a sexually transmitted disease or infection at some point in their lives.

3. If STIs are so common….
Why do people engage in risky sexual behavior, such as not using proper protection or having multiple sexual partners?
Why do people not get tested?

5. Do I Need To Get Tested ? Anyone who has ever had sexual intercourse
Noticeable signs and symptoms
Any time you get a new sexual partner
Annual STI exam
Pap smear does not equate to STD exam

6. In a new relationship, trust but verify…
Get tested together!

7. Do I Have To Tell Everything?
Discuss sexual history with doctor/nurse
Honesty improves options for prevention methods and treatment
Ask questions

8. Provider Questions
A person who seeks STD testing might be asked about the following behaviors:
Number of sexual partners
Types of sexual behaviors (oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse)
Pregnancy prevention practices
STD prevention practices
STD history (individual and partner)

9. Which STDs Can I Get Tested For?
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Trichomoniasis
HPV (if symptomatic)
Herpes (if symptomatic)
Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID)
Syphilis
HIV
Bacterial Vaginosis

10. HIV Test Procedure Consent Form Risk Assessment Blood Test
Syphilis Test
Test Results minutes – 3 weeks
Test Results
Risk Reduction

11. Signs and Symptoms Females
MOST STDs have NO symptoms
Discharge from vagina (yellow, greenish or gray)
Bleeding from vagina between periods
Burning/pain when you urinate or have a bowel movement
Pain in abdomen
Small bumpy warts
Itching/burning
Small painful blisters
Unexplained weight loss
Flu-like symptoms
White spots in the mouth

12. Signs and Symptoms Males
Many STDs have NO symptoms
Watery, white drip from penis
Burning or pain when you urinate or during a bowel movement
Need to urinate more often
Swollen or tender testicles
Small, bumpy warts
Small painful blisters
Thick yellow or greenish drip from penis

13. Curable STIs
STIs caused by bacteria can be cured with medicine, such as antibiotics
Curable STIs include:
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Trichomoniasis (“Trick”) – caused by a parasite

14. Incurable STIs
STIs cause by viruses cannot be cured with medicine yet, but they can be treated to reduce the symptoms
Incurable STIs include:
Hepatitis B (can be immunized against)
Herpes
HIV/AIDS
HPV (can be immunized against)

15. Bacterial Infections: Syphilis
The great “imitator” – signs and symptoms are indistinguishable from other diseases
Passes from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore
Sores occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum (can be hidden)
Can also occur on the lips and in the mouth
Genital sores caused by syphilis make it easier to transmit and acquire HIV infection sexually
Mother can pass the disease to an unborn child

16. Bacterial Infections: Syphilis
3 Stages – Primary, Secondary, Latent
Easy to cure in the primary stage – requires an injection of penicillin
Usually appears as a single sore – firm, round, small, and painless
Sore may heal on its own – adequate treatment is needed to ensure that it does not progress to the second stage
Secondary Stage – appears as a rash that does not cause itching
Rashes typically occur on the palms of the hands and bottoms of the feet
Signs and symptoms will resolve without treatment, but without treatment , the infection will progress to the latent stage
Latent Stage – syphilis infection remains in the body

17. Bacterial Infection: Chlamydia
Most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the U.S.
“Silent” infection – asymptomatic
If symptoms do occur, they may not occur until several weeks after exposure
Symptoms – unusual vaginal or penile discharge, burning sensation when urinating
Can also infect the rectum – via anal sex or via spread from the cervix and vagina
Linked to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women
Mother can pass the disease to an unborn child
Increases risk of acquiring HIV
Treated with antibiotics

18. Bacterial Infection: Gonorrhea
Symptoms – most have no symptoms, thick vaginal or penile discharge, burning or pain when urinating or having bowel movement
Mother can pass the disease to an unborn child
Increases risk of acquiring HIV
Treated with antibiotics – successful treatment is becoming more difficult because drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea are increasing

19. Parasitic Infection: Trichomoniasis “Trick”
The most common curable STI in the U.S.
Symptoms – most have no symptoms, yellow or green vaginal or penile discharge, burning or pain when urinating
Most common in women than in men
Women – most common infected area is the lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, or urethra)
Men – most common infected body part is the inside of the penis (urethra)
Most commonly passed from vagina to penis or penis to vagina; sometimes passed from vagina to vagina; does not infect the anus or the mouth
Increases risk for HIV
Cured with antibiotics

20. Viral Infection: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Most common sexually transmitted infection
Over 40 types – asymptomatic
Leads to genital warts and cervical cancer
Women can be tested and diagnosed, but men cannot
Men almost never show any signs or symptoms
Nearly all sexually active men and women will get at least one type of HPV in their lives
Can contract HPV with only one sexual partner in a lifetime

21. Viral Infection: Herpes
Transmission from infected male partner to female partner is more likely than from infected female partner to male partner
Therefore, more common in women than in men
Symptoms – typically none, blistering sores
Genital sores that come into contact with the mouth, vagina, or rectum can increase the risk of HIV transmission

22. Viral Infection: HIV Weakens the immune system
Contracted through unprotected sex or the sharing of needles
Transmitted via bodily fluids – blood, semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, breast milk
These fluids must come in contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into the bloodstream
Mucous membranes – found within the rectum, vagina, the opening of the penis, and the mouth
Leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) – medication can slow the progression of the virus to AIDS
Rarely has symptoms and symptoms may appear as the flu
No cure
With medication, pregnant women can prevent transmission to their unborn child

23. 1) Regular Screenings 2) Consistent Use of Condoms 3) Abstinence
Best Defense
1) Regular Screenings 2) Consistent Use of Condoms 3) Abstinence