1. Earth Materials Minerals: The Crystalline State Minerals and Mineralogy Mineral Chemistry Atomic Structure of Minerals Minerals as indicators of the environment of their formation diamondquartzpyrite amethyst asbestos

2. Plate boundaries and Earthquakes

3. Supercontinent and Plate Motion Fig. 2.10

4. Supercontinent and Plate Motion 56 million years ago

5. Supercontinent and Plate Motion 120 million years ago

6. Supercontinent and Plate Motion 200 million years ago

7. Earth Materials Minerals: The Crystalline State Minerals and Mineralogy (p. 67-69) Mineral Chemistry (p. 69-74) Atomic Structure of Minerals (p. 74-77) Minerals as indicators of the environment of their formation (p. 92) diamondquartzpyrite amethyst asbestos

8. Definition of a Mineral Naturally formed (inorganic)

9. Definition of a Mineral Naturally formed (inorganic) Solid

10. Definition of a Mineral Naturally formed (inorganic) Solid Specific chemical composition –What chemical elements are present and in what proportions

11. Definition of a Mineral Naturally occurring (inorganic) Solid Specific chemical composition Crystal Structure –Ordered arrangement of atoms

12. Definition of a Mineral Naturally occurring (inorganic) Solid Specific chemical composition Crystal Structure Examples: quartz (SiO 2 ), calcite (CaCO 3 ), halite (NaCl)

13. Rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals

14. Polished section ~1 cm

15. Thin Section

16. Thin section under ordinary light Magnetite Mica Quartz Feldspar

17. Thin section under polarized light

18. What makes each mineral unique? (p.69) Composition What chemical elements are present and in what proportions –QuartzSiO 2 –Olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 3

19. What makes each mineral unique? (p.69) Crystal Structure How are the chemical elements packed together Halite (NaCl)

20. Extremely soft Extremely hard Both minerals are made of carbon (C)

21. Atomic Arrangement& Physical Properties 3D framework Sheet structure

22. Elements and atoms Chemical Elements most fundamental substance separated by chemical means Atoms smallest particle of matter retains all properties of an element

23. Fig. 3.1 Structure of an Atom

24. Ionan atom with excess charge cationsH + anionsO 2- Chemical Compound electrically neutral comb. of ions water, H 2 OH +, H +, O 2- Ions and Compounds ( p. 54-56)

25. Complex ions Combination of ions with a charge Si 4+, O 4 8-  (SiO 4 ) 4- Silicate Ion

26. Transferring Electrons between atoms Fig. 3.2 Ionic Bonding

27. Fig. 3.4 Covalent Bonds in Water sharing electrons between atoms

28. Nature of Bonding and Physical Properties 3D framework Sheet structure Fig. 3.3 and 3.5

29. The Three States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Ice in a glacier is a mineral Water in the oceans is not a mineral

30. Box B3.1 The Three States of Water Controlled by temperature and Pressure

31. low Temp, High Pressure favors solid state  In Geology, melting is a change of state high Temp, low Pressure favors gaseous state General Rule

32. Crystal Structure of Minerals (p. 74-77) Two factors that control the arrangement of atoms and ions Number of neighboring atoms/ions Size of atom/ion

33. Galena (PbS) Packing order of atoms

34. Packing arrangement Polymorphs (p. 79) Diamond Graphite Compounds that occur in more than 1 crystal arrangement

35. Size of ions of some geologically important ions Size is based on Charge Fig. 3.8

36. Silicate ion (SiO 4 ) 4- O 2- Si 4+

37. Ionic Substitution Olivine

38. Ionic Substitution Olivine Ions of Similar Size and Charge can substitute for each other For example

39. Ionic Substitution Olivine Mg 2 2+ (SiO 4 ) 4-

40. Ionic Substitution Olivine Fe 2 2+ (SiO 4 ) 4- Fe 2+ -->Mg 2+ Natural Olivine: (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4

41. Phase diagram Fig. 3.31 Minerals as indicators of their environments of their formation p. 92 Pressure

42. Fig. 3.31 geotherm

43. Diamonds from the Mantle Fig. 3.31

44. Fig. B3.1 Snowball