1. of Insurance Claims in the Russian Maritime Law

2. (Salvador Dali. The Persistence of Memory. 1931) When the Limitation Period Commences Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP2

3.  Art. 409.1 of the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation: ‘The obligations arising from […] the marine insurance contract […] are limited to a two- year period.’ Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP3

4. Pablo Veronese. Saturn (Time) and History. 1560-61.  ‘The expiration of a period of limitation of actions, that a party has requested be applied, is a basis for the rendering of a decision by the court to dismiss an action’ (Art.199.2 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Russia). Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP4

5.  Art. 409 of the Merchant Shipping Code of Russia: ‘The said [limitation] period is calculated […]: 2) under the claims arising from marine insurance contract – from the date when the right of action accrues.’ Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP5

6.  When does the limitation period commence:  1. From the date of the loss?  2. From the date when the assured learns of the insurer’s refusal to settle the claim? Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP6

7.  I. Is the right mature for enforcement following the occurrence of the conditions stipulated by the law?  II. Or does this right reach maturity following the claim of the assured, whereas the loss is but a necessary condition for the claim? Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP7

8. Leonardo da Vinci. Wise Man Studying Time. 1510  The time of accrual of the right of action is, in substantive meaning, the time when the limitation period commences (the right that has matured to a mandatory stage). Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP8

9.  Art. 200.1 «Start of the Running of the Period of Limitation of Actions» of the Civil Code of Russia:  ‘The running of the period of limitation of actions starts from the day when a person knew or should have known of the violation of his right. Exceptions from this rule are established by the present Code and other statutes’. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP9

10. Pietro Liberi. Time Being Overcome by Truth. c. 1665.  The obligation to pay the assured’s loss is an obligation which the period of performance is defined as the time of demand. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP10

11. Titian. The Allegory of Age. c. 1565–1570.  Art. 200.2 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Russia:  ‘For obligations for which the period of performance is not defined or is defined as the time of demand, the running of the limitation of actions starts from the time when the right arises for the creditor to make a demand for performance of the obligation [...]’. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP11

12. I. B. Novitskiy  Art. 314.2 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Russia applies for establishing of the commencement of the limitation period for the obligations with ‘forewarning’. (Novitskiy, I. B. uses this term in: Limitation Period, M., 1954). Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP12

13.  ‘In regard to the claims involving ‘forewarning’, the limitation period commences following the forewarning and the expiry of the ensuing grace period provided for the other party.’ (P. 173) Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP13

14. M. A. Gourvich  It is the ‘forewarning’ that allows the obligation to mature for enforcement – in M. A. Gourvich’s terms. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP14

15.  A loan obligation with an unspecified repayment period is an obligation with forewarning.  Otherwise the limitation period of such an obligation could expire before the commencement of the period of performance.  Delict and insurance obligations do not belong to this category. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP15

16.  ‘Under a contract of marine insurance the insurer for a specified payment (insurance premium) assumes the obligation to compensate the assured or a third person named in the contract (beneficiary) for the incurred loss when the risk specified in the contract of marine insurance (insured event) occurs’. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP16

17.  ‘Under a contract of property insurance one party (insurer) shall be obliged […] when the event ensues provided for in the contract (insured event) to compensate the other party (assured) or other person to whose benefit the contract was concluded (beneficiary) for losses caused as a consequence of this event […]’. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP17

18.  The law specifies the moment when the insurer’s obligation accrues.  Under the Art. 246 of the Merchant Shipping Code of Russia the assured can bring a lawful action against the insurer following the moment of occurrence of insured event.  That is, the rule stipulated in the Art. 200.2. par. 2 of the Civil Code of Russia applies: the limitation period starts to run following the insured event.  Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP18

19. I. I. A. Akimov. Saturn Cutting Off the Cupid’s Wings. Allegory of Time Annihilating Love. 1802.  If the commencement of the limitation period were not linked to the insured event but, for example, to the demand, it could result in the possibility of a “everlasting action.” Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP19

20.  Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part One (in 3 vols., vol. 1), 3 rd ed. By Abova, T. E., Kabalkin, A. J., Uright; 2006  Commentary on Art. 200 Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP20

21.  Commentary on the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part Two, 4 th ed./ Ed. O. N. Sadikov, M., Contract, Infra- M, 2003  Commentary on Art. 966 by Sobakinskikh, A. V. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP21

22.  ‘Art. 200.2 par. 2 [of the Civil Code] provides that when the time of obligations is unspecified, the limitation period begins to run from the moment when the right arises with the creditor to present a demand concerning the performance of the obligation’.  ‘The Art. 929 of the Civil Code of Russia provides that a contract of property insurance binds the insurer to compensate the insured’s loss following the occurrence of the event stipulated by the contract (the insured event)’. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP22

23.  ‘A direct corollary of the Art. 246 of Merchant Shipping Code of Russia and Art. 929 and 200.2 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Russia is that the material and legal essence of the right of action is the right to claim the insurance compensation from the insurer following the occurrence of the insured event. Thus the link between the start of the running of the limitation period and the occurrence of the insured event is due to the specific nature of the insurance commitment, its aleatory character’.  The Federal Arbitrazh Court of the Moscow District (FAC MD) upheld these awards. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP23

24. Gerrit Dou. Still Life with Hourglass, Pencase, and Print. 1647.  Such understanding of the issue of commencement of the limitation period resolves the issue of the existence of the grace period, which starts to run following the demand (Art. 314.2 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Russia). Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP24

25. François Lemoine. Saturn (Time) Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy. 1737.  Exemptions from the said generalisation may apply in cases where the insurer could not immediately learn of the occurrence of the insured event (Art. 200.1 of the Civil Code of Russia). Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP25

26. Agostino di Duccio. Saturn (Time). c. 1456.  The practice of the Russian state courts also tends to this position.  The cassation courts relate the running of the limitation period to the occurrence of the insured event or to the time when the assured discovers it. Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP26

27.  FAC MD 13.11.07 # KG-A40/10622-07  FAC MD 31.07.07 # KG-A40/7266-07  FAC MD 25.06.07 # KG-A40/5845-07  FAC MD 07.02.07 # KG-A40/13594-07  FAC WSD 15.05.07 # F04-2742/2007 (33954-A45-8)  FAC UD 20.09.07 # F09-7250/07-S5  FAC WSD 09.11.07 # A56-42308/2006 Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP27

28.  An indemnitor is held to promise to keep the indemnitee free from the specified loss or expense. On the occurrence of such loss or expense, therefore, the indemnitor is in breach of it primary obligation.  Court of Appeal. Firma C – Trade SA v Newcastle Protection & Indemnity Association (The Fanti) (1991). Hill Dickinson. Moscow Seminar, 2010 - InJurService LLP28