2. Igneous Rocks Magma is the molten rock material below the surface. Lower density causes magma to rise toward the surface (compared to the surrounding rock). Magma at the surface is lava. Igneous rocks are formed from solidified/cooled magma or lava. Igneous rocks are made of interlocking crystals

3. Igneous Rock

4. Igneous Rocks Magma extruded onto the Earth’s surface forms volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks. Magma that crystallizes within the Earth’s crust forms plutonic or intrusive igneous rock.

5. Extrusive & Intrusive Igneous Rocks Intrusive- Magma under the surface – Coarse-grained (igneous rock) – Magma cools slowly and large crystals grow over a long period of time – Gabbro, diorite, granite

6. Extrusive & Intrusive Igneous Rocks Extrusive- Lava at the surface – Fine-grained (igneous rock) – Lava cools very quickly, consequently crystals do not have time to grow and develop – Basalt, andesite, rhyolite, obsidian

7. Igneous Rocks Molten rock or magma(1,000-1,200 o C), contains chemical elements. If the magma begins to cool, elements begin to form chemical bonds within the magma and crystals start to develop.

8. Igneous Rocks The crystallization of magma fluids, either through extrusive or intrusive processes, creates the minerals that make up igneous rocks. All rocks are composed of minerals, and minerals are composed of one or more chemical elements.

9. Igneous Rocks The primary elements that make up rock-forming minerals are: -Silicon (Si) -Oxygen (O) -Iron (Fe) -Magnesium (Mg) -Potassium (K) -Sodium (Na) -Calcium (Ca) Various combinations of these elements form the most common mineral group, the silicates. The most important silicate minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

11. Igneous Rocks As magma cools slowly, elements within it become chemically bonded forming crystals of minerals. However, not all minerals form at the same time during the cooling process. Some minerals crystallize when magma is at a higher temperature, while others only crystallize when magma is at a lower temperature. Bowen's Reaction Series describes when the eight most common silicate minerals form during the cooling process.

12. Igneous Rocks

13. Rocks that form from magma or lava cooled from high temperatures tend to contain a lot of iron and magnesium but little silica. These rocks are called mafic and tend to be dominated by dark colored minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene (Elements: iron & magnesium).

14. Igneous Rocks When magma cools slowly, minerals that form at cooler temperatures dominate the resulting rock. These rocks are called felsic and tend to be light colored with minerals such as feldspar and quartz. (Elements: silicon, oxygen, sodium, potassium, & aluminum)

15. Igneous Rocks

17. Classification of Igneous Rocks -Texture: crystal size -Color -Mineral composition

18. Igneous Rocks Granite Felsic Intrusive

19. Igneous Rocks Rhyolite Felsic Extrusive

20. Igneous Rocks Basalt Mafic Extrusive

21. Igneous Rocks Gabbro Mafic Intrusive

22. Igneous Rocks Andesite Intermediate Extrusive

23. Igneous Rocks Diorite Intermediate Intrusive

24. Igneous Rocks Other Igneous Rocks Lava flows Fragmented magma ejected explosively – Ash plumes – Pyroclastic flows Cool and solidify very quickly; no minerals develop  Consequently they cannot be mafic, intermediate, or felsic

25. Igneous Rocks Obsidian Extrusive

26. Igneous Rocks Pumice Extrusive