2. Chapter 6 Perception Transform meaningless sensations into meaningful perceptions

6. The Perception Paradox— misperceiving reality  Perception failure — our perceptual experience of a stimulus differs from the actual characteristics of that stimulus

7. Three approaches to perception  Computational approach — focuses on how computations by the nervous system translate raw sensory stimulation into an experience of reality  Constructivist approach — the perceptual system uses fragments of sensory information to construct an image of reality  Ecological approach — humans and other species are so well adapted to their natural environment that many aspects of the world are perceived without requiring higher-level analysis and inferences

10. Selective Attention —the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus  Cocktail party effect — the ability to attend selectively to only one voice among many  The experiments （视而不见） U. Neisser(1979) and … Can unnoticed stimuli affect us? “ We stood by the bank ” (river or money)

11. Perceptual Illusions Optical ~: misjudge length, position, motion, curvature, or direction

12. A classic illusion created by Franz Müller-Lyer, 1889

14. The Poggenddorff illusion

15. The Ebbinghaus illusion

16. Zollner illusion

25. The face looks familiar

26. Perceptual Organization  Gestalt — an organized whole — the whole may exceed the sum of its parts  Form perception Figure and Ground — the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

30. A face or an Eskimo

31. An old man or two young lovers

32. A young lady or a man playing saxophone

34. Salvador Dali’s Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire (1940)

35.  Grouping — the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

36. Proximity

37. Similarity

39. Continuity

40. Closure

41. Depth Perception—learned or innate Visual Cliff

42. Binocular Cues  Retinal disparity  Convergence

43. Monocular Cues: relative size — if separate objects are expected to be of the same size, the larger ones are seen as closer

44. Linear perspective — parallel lines appear to converge with distance

45. Texture gradient — a texture is coarser for near areas and finer for more distant ones

48. Interposition — the shapes of near objects overlap or mask of more distant ones

49. Height in plane — near objects are low in the visual field; more distant ones are higher up

50. Light and shadow— patterns of light and dark suggest shadows that can create an impression of three-dimensional forms

51. Motion Perception—phi phenomenon

56. Perceptual Constancy  Shape  Size  Lightness  Color

57. Color depends on context

58. Perceptual Adaptation

59. Perceptual Set  a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

63. Recognizing faces  Our schemas for faces prime us to see facial patterns  Average face?

64. 平均脸： more attractive?

65. Recognizing the Perceptual World  Bottom-up processing  Top-down processing  Network processing

66. Perception and Human Factor