1. By Maya Seaforth

2. Matter  What is matter?  Matter is objects that take up space and everything around you is made up of matter.

3. States of Matter Solid – Solid is one of the three classical states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. The particles stay tied together.

4. Liquid  Liquid – Liquid is a form of matter with a definite value but no fixed shape. Like a gas, liquid is able to flow and take the shape of a container. The particles have room to move around.

5. Gas  Gas – Near absolute zero, a substance exists as a solid. It boils into gas at it’s boiling point. The particles move around freely in the absence of an applied electric field.

6. Physical & Chemical Properties  Physical – are properties that do not change the chemical nature of matter.  Chemical – are properties that do change the chemical nature of matter.  The difference between chemical and physical properties are that they are both opposite from one another.

7. Physical & Chemical Changes  Physical – A physical change does not produce a new substance, the changes in state or phase are physical changes.  Example: Melting an ice cube, breaking a bottle, crushing a can, crumpling a paper, car crash.  Chemical – Chemical change produces a new substance.  Example of chemical changes include: combustion, cooking an egg, rusting an iron pan, mixing hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide to make salt and water.

8. Atoms  What is an atom?  An atom is a basic piece of matter. An atom itself is made up of three tiny particles called subatomic particles; protons; neutrons; and electrons.

9. Element  What is an element?  In chemistry, an element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by chemical methods.  Example: Iron (Fe) Gold (Au), Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C), and Oxygen (O)

10. Compound  What is a compound?  Compound are pure substances made of atoms of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed ratios.  Example: Carbon Dioxide (Co2), Water (H2O), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Table Salt (NaCl), and Carbon Monoxide (Co)

11. What is a Periodic Table?  The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their properties.  How do you read/use the periodic table?  Step 1 – The element symbol. Symbols are the abbreviations of the elements name.  Step 2 – The elements atomic number. It’s the number of protons and atoms of the elements contained.  Step 3 – The elements name. Many tables will include the names to help those who do not remember.

12. Substance/Mixture  Mixture – Made of more than one kind of material  Substance – Made of one kind of material.  What is the difference between them?  A mixture can have more than one material and the substance can have only one material.

13. Heterogeneous & Homogenous Mixtures  What is the difference between them?  A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred as solutions. A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases. The three phases or states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.  Example for heterogeneous – salad dressing, strawberry shortcake, fruit salad, and party mix chips.  Example of homogenous – juice, soda, milk, tea, and lemonade.

14. Solutions  What is a solution?  A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these.  Solute - A substance dissolved in another substance, usually the component of a solution present in the lesser amount.  Solvent - A substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution.  Examples: Solvent - Water Solute - Sugar Solution - Sugar water Solvent - Milk (hot) Solute - Cocoa powder Solution - Hot Cocoa Solvent - Water Solute - Kool-Aid powder Solution - Kool-Aid

15. Solubility  The maximum quantity of a substance that may be dissolved in another. The maximum amount of solute that may be dissolved in a solvent.