1. CLINICAL ENGINEERING part(2) Dr. Dalia H. Elkamchouchi

2. Healthcare Technology Definitions Healthcare Technology. What is it? – Healthcare technology includes the devices, equipment, systems, software, supplies, pharmaceuticals, biotechnologies, medical and surgical procedures, organizational structures used in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease in humans; for rehabilitation; and for assistive purposes. – Here we will focus on medical equipment and hospital installations and facilities.

3. Technology Life-Cycle “A process by which technology is created, tested, applied, and replaced or abandoned” *Know the maturity of a technology * Support systematic and rational decisions أبتكار نموذج أختبار أندماج الأنتشارالمبكر زوال أو تقادم

4. *We should use the technology life cycle in understanding and analyzing healthcare technology. *We need to know how and why some technologies die and when a certain technology will begin to give a return on investment. *Hospitals must be able to answer if technologies are adequate ( كافي ) for their present situation, as well as in the future. *In addition, one has to know the risks that are involved in deciding to adopt( يتخذ أو يتبنى ) a new technology. *By using the technology life cycle analysis, decision-makers will be able to make rational decisions and measure the real added values before committing themselves to the new technology. Technology Life-Cycle

5. Cost-Effectiveness A process that combines qualitative and quantitative considerations in order to know the costs of a project compared to the resultant benefits. – Costs are normally expressed in dollars – Benefits in terms of: Lives saved Disabilities avoided Quality-adjusted life years saved Other relevant objectives as client satisfaction or marketing strategies

6. Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC) Initial purchase price Shipping شحن Renovations ترميمات Installation تجهيزات مواقع Supplies أمدادت Associated disposables غير مفيد بعد الأستعمال Cost per use And OTHER costs as: staff training, ease of use, servicing, spare parts, upgrades, networking …

7. Ease of Use Clinical Evaluation Prior to Purchase Decision – Prepare the user for proper operation In service Training Documentation – Equipment design User’s ability Human factors – Patient and user discomfort Keyboard Device controls Alarms User-friendly aspects need to be considered

8. Items Initial Capital Year 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5 Hardware Costs $ 225,000 $ - Software license $ 17,500 $ - $ 18,200 $ 18,928 $ 19,685 $ 20,473 Facilities costs $ 25,000 $ - Disposable costs $ - $ 4,500 $ 4,680 $ 4,867 $ 5,062 $ 5,264 Support costs $ - $ 3,375 $ 3,510 $ 3,650 $ 3,796 $ 3,948 Service costs $ - $ 11,250 $ 11,700 $ 12,168 $ 12,654 Training costs $ - $ 1,125 $ 1,170 $ 1,217 $ 1,265 Misc. costs $ - $ 1,125 $ 1,170 $ 1,217 $ 1,265 $ 1,316 Cash out flow $ 267,500 $ 9,000 $ 39,935 $ 41,532 $ 43,193 $ 44,920 Present value of $1 discount rate at 10% (NPV = 1/(1+I) n ) -0.90910.82840.75130.68300.6209 Net present values $ 267,500 $ 8,182 $ 33,082 $ 32,203 $ 29,501 $ 27,891 Total present value $ 398,359 LCC & NPV Analysis

9. Modules for practicing? Full Clinical Engineering ImplementationFull Clinical Engineering Implementation Partial Clinical Engineering ImplementationPartial Clinical Engineering Implementation Technology Advisory Counseling Technology Audit & Action Plans Technology Inventory Economic Rescue Plans Technology Incorporation Planning

10. Full Clinical Engineering Implementation 16 Complementary areas –Diagnostic Studies الدراسات التشخيصيةDiagnostic Studies –InventoryInventory –Market ProcurementMarket Procurement –Law Standards and Regulations –Equipment ControlEquipment Control –Costs & Expenses ControlCosts & Expenses Control –Process ManagementProcess Management –Risk ManagementRisk Management –Contract ManagementContract Management –Personal ManagementPersonal Management –Technology IncorporationTechnology Incorporation –MaintenanceMaintenance –Patient SafetyPatient Safety –Technology PlanningTechnology Planning –TrainingTraining –QualityQuality Back

11. Diagnostic Evaluation Criteria –Continuing Education –Risk management –Technology Incorporation & Acquisition –Equipment Control –Legal Standards & Regulations –Maintenance Preventive Corrective –Documentation Administrative Technical –Safety

12. Diagnostic Excellence & Quality –Leadership: participation –Planning: actions –Social Concerns: attended –Clients: necessities –Information: use –Personal: capacitating –Processes: practice –Results: defined

13. Diagnostic National Accreditation Organization –Physical Projects Management –Physical Infra-Structure –Facilities Management –Waste Management –Medical Equipment Management –Safety Management SWOT –Strengthens- –Weakness- –Opportunities- –Threats- Back