1. Hawthorne Studies By Emily Sligar

2. What will be covered: b Definition b Brainstorming Exercise b Study background b Explanation of findings b Real world example b An exercise b Summary

3. Hawthorne studies defined b A series of experiments in which the output of the workers was observed to increase as a result of improved treatment by their managers. b Named for their site, at the Western Electric Company plant in Hawthorne, Illinois.

4. Brainstorming Exercise b What can a manager do to improve productivity?

5. Study Background b Hawthorne studies were conducted from 1927 to 1932 by Harvard Business School Professor Elton Mayo. b Purpose of study was to examine what effect monotony and fatigue had on productivity and how to control them with variables such as rest breaks, work hours, temperature, and humidity.

6. Normal conditions b Under normal conditions, the work week was 48 hours, including Saturdays. There were no rest pauses.

7. Experiment One b The workers were put on piece-work for eight weeks. b Output went up.

8. Experiment Two b The workers were given two rest pauses, five minutes each, in the morning and afternoon for a period of five weeks. b Output went up again.

9. Experiment Three b The rest pauses were increased to ten minutes each. b Output went up sharply.

10. Experiment Four b The workers were given six five minute breaks. b Output fell slightly. b The workers complained that the work rhythm was broken by frequent pauses.

11. Experiment Five b The two original rest pauses were put back in place, and the workers were given a free hot meal by the company. b Output went up.

12. Experiment Six b The workers were dismissed at 4:30 p.m. instead of 5:00 p.m. b Output went up.

13. Experiment Seven b The workers were dismissed at 4:00 p.m. b Output remained the same.

14. Experiment Eight b All improvements were taken away and the workers returned to their original working conditions. b Output was the highest ever recorded!

15. Explanation of Findings b The experimental group had considerable freedom of movement compared to other workers in the plant. b The group developed an increased sense of responsibility and discipline no longer needed to come from a higher authority, it came from within the group.

16. Real World Example b Workers improve their productivity when they believe management is concerned with their welfare and pay particular attention to them. b Productivity can also be explained by paying attention to the workers’ social environment and informal groupings.

17. An Exercise b What kinds of issues affect your productivity? b What can a manager do to increase or decrease your productivity?

18. Summary b Hawthorne studies defined b Study background b Explanation of findings b Real world example