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Lecture Outlines PowerPoint

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1 Lecture Outlines PowerPoint
Chapter 2 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall

2 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2
Earth Science, 11e Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Chapter 2

3 Minerals: the building blocks of rocks
Definition of a mineral Natural Inorganic Solid Possess an orderly internal structure of atoms Have a definite chemical composition Mineraloid - lacks an orderly internal structure

4 Composition and structure of minerals
Elements Basic building blocks of minerals Over 100 are known Atoms Smallest particles of matter Have all the characteristics of an element

5 Periodic table of the Elements
Figure 2.4

6 How atoms are constructed
Nucleus – central part of an atom that contains Protons – positive electrical charges Neutrons – neutral electrical charges Energy levels, or shells Surround nucleus Contain electrons – negative electrical charges

7 Simplified view of the atom
Figure 2.5

8 How atoms are constructed
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus Bonding of atoms Forms a compound with two or more elements Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons Isotopes Have varying number of neutrons

9 How atoms are constructed
Isotopes Have different mass numbers – the sum of the neutrons plus protons Many isotopes are radioactive and emit energy and particles

10 Quiz Break

11 Minerals Physical properties of minerals Crystal form Luster Color
Streak Hardness Cleavage

12 The mineral quartz often exhibits good crystal form

13 Pyrite (fool’s gold) displays metallic luster
Figure 2.10

14 Mohs scale of hardness Figure 2.12

15 Three examples of perfect cleavage – fluorite, halite, and calcite

16 Minerals Physical properties of minerals Fracture Specific gravity
Other properties Taste Smell Elasticity Malleability

17 Conchoidal fracture Figure 2.15

18 Minerals Physical properties of minerals Other properties Feel
Magnetism Double Refraction Reaction to hydrochloric acid

19 Quiz Break

20 Minerals A few dozen minerals are called the rock-forming minerals
The eight elements that compose most rock-forming minerals are oxygen (O), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) Most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are oxygen (46.6% by weight) and silicon (27.7% by weight)

21 Composition of continental crust
Figure 2.16

22 Minerals Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates
Most common mineral group Contain the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (molecule) Four oxygen atoms surrounding a much smaller silicon atom Combines with other atoms to form the various silicate structures

23 The silicate (SiO4)-4 molecule
Figure 2.17

24 Minerals Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement Olivine – independent tetrahedra Pyroxene group – tetrahedra are arranged in chains Amphibole group – tetrahedra are arranged in double chains

25 Hornblende – a member of the amphibole group

26 Minerals Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement Micas – tetrahedra are arranged in sheets Two types of mica are biotite (dark) and muscovite (light) Feldspars - Three-dimensional network of tetrahedra

27 Minerals Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates
Groups based upon tetrahedral arrangement Feldspars Two types of feldspar are Orthoclase and Plagioclase Quartz – three-dimensional network of tetrahedra

28 Potassium feldspar

29 Plagioclase feldspar

30 Minerals Mineral groups Rock-forming silicates Nonsilicate minerals
Feldspars are the most plentiful mineral group Crystallize from molten material Nonsilicate minerals Major groups Oxides Sulfides

31 Minerals Mineral groups Nonsilicate minerals Major groups Sulfates
Carbonates “Native” elements

32 Quiz break

33 Native Copper

34 Minerals Mineral groups Nonsilicate minerals Carbonates
A major rock-forming group Found in the rocks limestone and marble Halite and gypsum are found in sedimentary rocks Many have economic value

35 Minerals Mineral resources Reserves are already identified deposits
Ores are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit Economic factors may change and influence a resource

36 An underground halite (salt) mine

37 End of Chapter 2


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