1. OUR Ecological Footprint - 15 1. Live near work; Ride bike; minimize car use. 2. Buy energy-efficient furnace. 3. Programmable thermostat: winter/summer 4. Turn off lights when leave room; unplug appliance 5. Eat lower on food chain. 6. Buy food locally; eliminate transportation energy. 7. Buy hybrid car - reduce gas consumption by 1/2 8. Recycle; pay tax for it. 9. Reduce paper/plastic (and ALL) consumption. 10. Reuse (and repair) items; don’t use ‘throw- aways’ 11. Get ‘on demand’ water heater. 12. Winterize house. 13. Buy C offset for travel.

2. …for Tuesday Go to : www.worldchanging.com www.worldchanging.com Select one article, read it, print first page (only) and bring to lecture. 1 Stuff 5 Business 2 Shelter 6 Politics 3 Cities 7 Planet 4 Community 8 Any of 1-7

3. OBJECTIVES Human Activities Alter Nutrient Cycles Relates to Intersystem Cycles: Inputs/Outputs disrupted-->consequences Water Carbon Nitrogen Ozone Phosphorus Sulfur

4. Intersystem cycling: Nutrients gained (input) and lost (output) by an ecosystem Ecosystem 1 2 Input   output   Ecosystem 2 Input  Output    Ecosystem 1

5. Intersystem cycling -->Input from waterflow

6. Nutrient inputs on land from: Lithosphere (weathering of bedrock and soil) Atmosphere –Wetfall (in precipitation) –Dryfall (particles) Hydrosphere Human Activities

7. Nutrient losses (output) on land to: Atmosphere Streams and groundwater How do human activities alter output?

8. WATER

9. Global BGC cycles: Water cycle: a physical model 50% of water in the Amazon Basin is internally recycled. Predict how deforestation there might be affecting the hydrologic (water) cycle and the forest. * Figure 3

10. CARBON

11. ***Carbon cycle: What are 2 new fluxes due to human activities? What pools are being altered? The missing C sink Figure 6

12. snow intact snow removed

13. intact removed

14. WILDFIRES

15. NITROGEN

16. How are humans altering the N cycle? Nitrogen-fixing crops Fossil fuel burning Nitrogen fertilizer Animal feed lots + manure Invasive species fix N2 Consequences greenhouse gases nitrogen saturation runoff - aquatic systems + water supply biodiversity and species mix

17. OZONE

18. Ozone (O 3 ) + UV radiation 1. at surface O2 with NO2 with light --> O3 NO2 from burning gas in cars Ozone = oxidant of organic molecules SOYFACE: elevated O3 lowers crop productivity

19. 2. Ozone in upper atmosphere blocks UV CFCs and creates ‘black hole’

20. PHOSPHORUS

21. Phosphorus concentration controls the trophic structure and productivity of lakes. CNP CN

22. Human activities affect input from land to water runoff/seepage into groundwater/aquifers agriculture land, especially NPK animal feedlots, especially N sewage input, C, N

23. Human eutrophication (overproduction of organic matter in aquatic systems) is harmful. Added nutrients stimulate algal GPP, BUT Too much overwhelms intrasystem regeneration Increase in organic matter; increased sediments Energy flows to bacteria, not higher trophic level Increase in decomposition + use of oxygen ---> depletes oxygen ---> kills aerobes, including fish

24. Consequences for aquatic systems change freshwater aquatic communities create ‘dead zones’ in oceans lower quality of drinking water

25. Dead zones around earth

26. SULFUR

27. SO 4 emissions from copper smelter

28. (Sulfuric) acid drainage from coal mines.

29. pH profoundly affects ecosystems, especially aquatic systems.

30. Rise in pH with decreased SO 4 emissions

31. Acid rain from coal-burning industries affects forest growth. Slow recovery from its effects…

32. Effects of acid rain on a forest. Why is damage greater on 1 side of mt.? Why haven’t forests recovered when acid rain was lessened?

33. Lessons from acid rain research

34. The hierarchical nature and processes of different levels of ecological systems:

35. Our Ecological Footprint How do our life style choices at the individual level impact higher levels of ecological organization? How does a choice impact energy flow and cycling of matter? H2O C N ozone P S